Journal of Pediatric Neurology and Medicine

One of the leading causes of child death worldwide, including in Japan, is road accident. Unintentional injury remains a common cause of death for children in Japan, despite a 30 year decline in traffic fatalities. Unintentional injury is most frequently caused by road traffic accidents. As non-operative management has become the standard of care, the treatment of abdominal trauma has undergone significant change over the past few decades. Non-operative treatment accounts for more than 90% of pediatric solid organ abdominal injuries. Nevertheless, it is certain that some patients require surgical treatment. In the past, numerous abdominal injury management algorithms have been studied. The majority of them use hemodynamic stability or monitoring of hemoglobin as a proxy for ongoing blood loss.

Because the kidneys filter the blood, reabsorb necessary metabolites and solutes, and collect remaining waste products for eventual excretion, the renal system is essential to homeostasis. During the development of a vertebrate species, up to three kidneys of varying complexity are formed. These kidneys can be functional or merely relics, as these forms gradually deteriorate and vanish when the next organ form appears. The pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros are the three renal iterations that emerge from the intermediate mesoderm (IM). Nephrons are the individual excretory units that make up each of these kidney types. Nephrons typically have three parts: a glomerular blood filter, a tubule, and a duct. However, there are some exceptions, such as aglomerular fish.