Journal of Sports Medicine & Doping Studies

Due to the disease, side effects of HD, and worsening complications, ESRD patients with HD had significantly lower exercise capacity than ESRD patients without HD at the same stage. The VO2 peak was widely used as an indirect measure of aerobic capacity and the oxidative capacity of peripheral muscle, and it strongly predicted the survival time of ESRD patients. The subgroup analysis revealed that, regardless of exercise duration, intensity, or frequency, patients' VO2 peaks increased effectively when they performed aerobic or combined exercise. The results of a previous meta-analysis, which estimated that regular exercise was beneficial for aerobic capacity, were incongruous with this one. Exercising increased VO2 peak, indicating an increase in aerobic capacity. Then, patients with ESRD who are undergoing HD may increase their exercise time as a result of less fatigue, break from a sedentary lifestyle, and eventually see a decrease in mortality.

Individual benefits of regular exercise are evident in secondary, primary, and primordial prevention of numerous diseases, including cancer, functional diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia, cardiometabolic conditions like coronary artery diseases, hypertension, heart failure, and diabetes, among others. In addition, regular exercise has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality, happiness, longevity, and the risk of physical disability and dependence. The fact that cardiorespiratory fitness is now considered a significant quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and is potentially a stronger predictor of mortality than established risk factors is of particular interest. From a clinical perspective, improving a patient's cardiorespiratory fitness from a low level (capacity to perform an exercise between six and eight METs) to a moderate level (capacity to perform an exercise between six and eight METs) results in the greatest observed reduction in mortality. Additionally, a positive relationship between lean body mass and longevity is described, particularly in low-BMI patients; In addition, low muscle mass was associated with all-cause mortality more strongly and significantly than low muscle strength.