Journal of Tissue Science and Engineering

The endochondral ossification mechanism provides promising new insight into potential techniques for repairing bone defects. The methods for replicating endochondral ossification in culture, although diverse, have yet to identify a procedure that reflects natural conditions, while satisfying the practical, experimental needs for efficiency and maneuverability. In this study, we present a novel approach that addresses all of these concerns. Coordinated proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in a transient cartilage is required for endochondral bone growth, but the mechanisms and pathways that control these processes are not completely understood. For lack of alternative methods, chondrocyte cultures are commonly pushed to differentiation with growth factors and supplements, like retinoic acid. We have developed a tissue culture model, using a 3D-chitosan sponge, which supports the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, without exposure to supplements, and which matures into a near replica of the growth plate.

Background: Desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) is a very common problem in different breeds of sport horses, with an inability to heal adequately after conservative therapy in many cases. However, the treatment of different kinds of tendon lesions with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), or even tenogenic induced MSCs have been reported with promising results.
Methods: After MSC and PRP isolation of the peripheral blood (PB) of a donor horse, tenogenic induction of the MSCs (Tendo-Cell®) was confirmed, and samples were microbiologically tested and frozen. Adverse and clinical effects (macroscopic noticeable swelling, lameness and ultrasound imaging) of PRP (n=4), or Tendo-Cell® (n=4) were evaluated after a single intralesional injection in the ALDDFT in 8 horses. For each case, two independent veterinary practitioners were asked to give a score from 0-5, at approximately 6 weeks and 4 months after treatment (0=no ultrasonographic improvement and 5=90-100% improvement, or (nearly) no ultrasonographic abnormalities, the ligament has (almost) no hypo-echoic foci, and (nearly) the same fiber orientation as the contralateral ligament).
Results: At approximately 6 weeks post injection, the ultrasound images of all 4 horses treated with PRP only slightly improved. Therefore, a score 2/5 was given by the two attending veterinarians to all 4 patients. In the Tendo- Cell® treated group, on the other hand, all 4 horses received a score 4/5 by the same veterinarians at 6 weeks after intralesional injection. This implicates that the lesions improved about 80% on the ultrasound images, which was much better than the 40% improvement in the PRP treated group. Conclusion: This study reports a positive clinical and ultrasonographical outcome after tenogenic induced MSC (Tendo-Cell®) treatment of desmitis of the equine ALDDFT, whereas no considerable improvements could be noticed after treatment with allogenic PRP.