Veterinary Science & Technology

Bovine cysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by Cysticercus bovis that affects cattle health and causes economic loss due to organ and carcass condemnation. Therefore, the cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 to determine the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis, cyst distribution, and economic significance in cattle at the Kombolcha Elfora meat factory. 420 randomly selected cattle were subjected to postmortem examinations and routine meat procedures were performed. Of the 420 cattle examined, 26 confirmed positive for bovine cysticercosis, resulting in an overall prevalence rate of 6.0%. Of the 26 infected cattle, 92 cysticerci were identified. The liver exhibited the highest proportion of Cysticercus bovis cysts (65.2%), followed by the tongue (17.4%), masseter muscle (10.8%), and heart (6.52%). However, no significant differences in Cysticercus bovis prevalence were observed based on breed (χ²=0.32; p=0.857), sex (χ²=0.732; p=0.980), age (χ²=0.658; p=0.417), body condition scores (χ²=0.609; p=0.705), and origin (χ²=7.299; p=0.200). Moreover, assessment of annual economic loss due to bovine cysticercosis at Kombolcha meat factory from organ condemnation and carcass weight loss was estimated at 294,841.89 ETB (Ethiopian Birr). In conclusion, the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis in the study area was slightly higher and resulted in substantial economic losses. Therefore, it is vital to increase public awareness, maintain good drainage system and implement standard routine meat inspection measures to safeguard public health and minimize economic losses.

Clostridium-associated necrotizing hepatitis with multiple organ lesions is a rare and severe condition in dogs. Clostridium species, anaerobic bacteria commonly found in the environment, can lead to various infectious diseases in animals. Among these, Clostridium novyi type B has been identified as a causative agent of necrotizing hepatitis. This case study presents a 4.5-year-old spayed female Golden Retriever with acute-onset lethargy, decreased appetite, and vomiting. Post-mortem examination revealed liver lesions consistent with Clostridium-associated necrotizing hepatitis and significant pathology in the kidneys, heart, and spleen, indicating multi-organ involvement. Histopathological examination further supported the diagnosis, highlighting panlobular hepatocytic necrosis, endospore forming bacilli, and toxin-related damage. While the pathophysiology underlying this condition remains incompletely understood, it is hypothesized that bacterial endospores reach the liver via the portal circulation, where they germinate and release toxins. The toxins impact endothelial cells, hepatocytes and other organs causing cellular detachment, necrosis and fluid leakage. Furthermore, systemic dissemination of bacteria may play a crucial role in this process. Bacterial endospores might disseminate through the bloodstream, reaching distant organs, including the kidneys, lungs, heart, and spleen, leading to multi-organ involvement. This case underscores the rarity and complexity of Clostridium-associated necrotizing hepatitis in dogs, especially with multi-organ involvement, and highlights the need for comprehensive understanding and further research in this area.

Veterinary drugs may leave drug residues in foods like meat, milk, eggs, or honey because they are often used to improve animal development and prevent disease in animals that produce food. It, including antiparasitic, antibiotics, and growth promoters are crucial for preserving the wellbeing and production of agricultural animals, and the health of companion animals. However, excessive use of these drugs leads to harmful residues, such as metabolites and original drugs, which can be dangerous to both human and animal health. There is not enough information available in Ethiopia about the proper and reasonable use of veterinary medications and there is a clear lack of available information about antibiotic residues in animal derived foods. Therefore, the aim of this seminar paper is to review veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin. A portion of drugs given to animals, such as hormones, growth promoters, antibiotics, or anticoccidials, may be metabolized and eliminated. However, edible tissues like meat, milk, eggs, seafood, or fish may still contain trace amounts of these drugs or their metabolites. Drug residues in animal-derived food can have a direct impact on human health, or they can have an indirect effect by spreading human pathogens through the selection of antibiotic resistance determinants. Drug residues in food samples are found and measured using analytical methods such as immunological methods, chromatography methods like liquid and gas chromatography, and biosensors. Therefore, Community awareness about veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin should be given by governmental bodies and other stockholders.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from July up to december 2024 to in Kumbi district, Eastern Hararghe zone, Oromiya regional state. The objective was by implementing study design to determine the prevalence of mange agents involved in camel skin diseases and their host risk factors. Mange mite most important parasitic diseases of livestock by affecting skin and hide as well as decrease quality and quantity of production. Camel mange is economically important contagious camel disease that has impact on their productivity and health. For clinical examination 384 camels was randomly selected and examined by implementing skin scrapings Procedures under microscope. The prevalence of infected camel from examine Was 25%. Only Sarcoptes was identified as the only mite species in all skin scraping samples collected from the suspected mange mite lesions as well as zoonotic problem. The variation in prevalence of mange mites (P<0.05) is depending on origin, sex, age and body condition. Inorder to avoid economic by impact of mange on camel production, consequently, strategic mange control with specific management should be implemented.

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a notifiable viral transboundary disease, highly contagious in domestic and wild small ruminants. In Ethiopia, PPR was clinically suspected to be present in 1977 and was confirmed late in 1991. A retrospective study design was conducted for describing PPR disease outbreak, associated risk factors, and for assessment of PPR vaccination conducted in sheep and goats from January 2018 to December 2022 in South West Ethiopia People Regional State. Monthly Disease Outbreak and Vaccination activity Report data from all districts of the region were obtained from Mizan Regional Veterinary Laboratory center. Relevant data entered into Microsoft Excel 19 spread sheet that has been organized with a pivot table. The spatial distribution of PPR outbreak occurrence site in the region was displayed by map using arc GIS 10.2. The present study found that ten (22.72%) districts in the region reported twelve PPR outbreaks with a total of 528 cases and 212 deaths. The findings indicated except at Konta zone, PPR is widely distributed and outbreaks had occurred in at least one district of all zones of the region. The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate of PPR outbreak varied from one district to the other, and it ranges 0.07% to 4.29%, 0 to 1.43%, and 0 to 75% respectively. High number of PPR outbreak (n=6, 50%) were recorded in the early rainy season (March to May) than other season of the year. 883,772 doses of PPR vaccination (551,800 dose as prophylaxis and 331,972 doses for controlling) was conducted in different districts of the region. In conclusion, Occurrence PPR outbreak increased in recent year in the region. Therefore, Commencement of mass vaccination in endemic area during the dry season and risk-based vaccination supported by epidemiological data in high-risk areas should be conducted.

Small ruminants are widely reared in a crop-livestock farming systems and are distributed across different agro-ecological zones of Ethiopian. Cysticercosis, hydatidosis and coenurosis of farmed and wild animals is caused by the larval stages (metacestodes) of cestodes of the family Taeniidae (tapeworms). Cerebellar cysts may precipitate more acute and severe signs of ataxia or opisthotonus. Eggs contaminate the environment and waters then it resist for 15 days under dry conditions, or in the high level of humidity it can stay 30 days. The life cycle is indirect with sheep and goats acting as an intermediate host. Coenuruses results from ingestion of contaminated pasture with eggs. T. hydatigena and T. ovis are cosmopolitan parasites, though control programs, improved sanitation and other factors have made them uncommon in some regions. Infection by the larval stage of the tapeworm T. multiceps in small ruminants is common in worldwide. Tapeworms of the family Taeniidae are transmitted from the definitive hosts such as carnivores to the intermediated hosts including herbivores or omnivores and human beings via oral-fecal cycle. The predilection sites of positive cyst were right cerebral hemisphere, left cerebral hemisphere and cerebellum. The type and severity of the clinical signs is influenced by the number and location of the parasites. Cysticercotic encephalitis, which is most common in children and teenagers, is a particularly dangerous disease. Metacestodes causes considerable economic impacts in terms of morbidity, loss of productivity and health care costs. Different abattoir survey indicated that metazoan parasites are endemic disease of small ruminants in Ethiopia, especially in the highland where 75% of the sheep population is found. Controlling cysticercosis and coenurosis depends on reducing an animal’s exposure to the eggs. Where feasible, it can be easier to control these illnesses by focusing on the definitive host.

Brazil has the world's largest commercial cattle herd. However, the production system faces challenges due to various diseases, which have led to an increased demand for effective prophylaxis and treatment, especially for conditions like bovine mastitis. Despite the predominant use of different medications in livestock farming, their effectiveness is often hampered by the variability of individual animal responses and genetic variations. Thus, we aimed to investigate the variability of the SLC15A2, SLC16A1 and SLC22A6 genes in cattle. In humans, these genes are linked to the metabolic pathways of commonly employed mastitis treatments by Cloxacillin (CLO) and Ampicillin (AMP). The study encompassed 50 Girolando breed cows from Fazenda Nossa Senhora de Fátima in the Municipality of Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Genotyping was performed by direct PCR sequencing of DNA from whole blood and the investigated regions in the three genes covering all exons except exon 10 of the SLC22A6 gene. We identified 13 SNP including eight within SLC22A6 (c.248C>T, c.277G>T, c.292G>T, c.315T>C, c.50T>A, c.50C>T, c.37C>T and c.44C>T) and five within SLC16A1 (c.167G>A, c.242A>G, c.641C>T, c.644G>A and c.139C>T). Notably, no polymorphism was observed in SLC15A2. We here present a pilot that sheds some light on the potential of bovine pharmacogenetics and demonstrates a considerable variability in drug- metabolism associated genes in cattle.

Such studies pave the way for investigations of functionality of these SNPs and their potential associations with therapeutic responses in bovine mastitis treatment.