Veterinary Science & Technology

Nontyphoidal Salmonella is most important food borne zoonotic pathogens causing gastro enteritis both in developed and developing countries of the world. They represent an important human and animal pathogen worldwide. A cross sectional study was conducted to isolate Nontyphoidal salmonella from goat feaces at Haramaya district, specifically Becheke and Ifa Bate peasant associations. A total of 126 feacal sampe was directly collected from rectum and processed in laboratory based on protocol recommended by the International Standardization Organization designed for isolation of salmonella (ISO-6579, 2002) with some modifications. Out of the total 126 goat faecal samples examined, 4(3.2%) was detected to be positive. The prevalence was slightly higher in Ifa Bate (4.9%) than 1(1.5%), Becheke with no significant difference in the prevalence. The prevalence of salmonella was also found to be higher in young goats 1(8.3%), followed by old 2(5.3%) and adult 1(1.3%) goats with no significant statistical association between the age groups. The prevalence of salmonella was also found to be slightly higher in female goats. Since there were no previous study in the area, this study indicate that the necessity of a further Investigation on the isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility and Epidemiology of non-typhoid salmonella from goat feces.

Background: Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a significant public health concern in Ethiopia due to its high prevalence and associated risk factors. Exploring the mechanism in the causal pathway how risk factors affect T. gondii is paramount important to develop targeted, population specific public health interventions to reduce the burden of Toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in the community. Hence, this study aimed to determine the relationship between risk factors and their contribution for development for T. gondii among pregnant women attending at Central Gondar Zone Public Hospitals.

Methods: A cross sectional study conducted questioner survey was conducted using questions based on the framework to confirm how the disease is transmitted. A set of rating scale questions was used to measure each model construct. Data was collected using a semi-structured Amharic version questioner. Total of 554 study pregnant women participated in this study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) used to explore the mechanism how risk factors affect T. gondii using AMOS-version 18. Data entered into SPSS-2020. Each parameter's Cornbrash's alpha was assessed using the average inter-item correlations. The path coefficient used to estimate the coefficient.

Results: The SEM analysis showed that the proposed model was appropriate and the data fit reasonably well (χ²=131.493, RMSEA=0.176, CFI=0.866, TLI=0.139, IFI=0.871, NFI=0.865, Degrees of freedom=7). The risk factors suggested that both education and residence were associated with increased exposure to cat faeces. Residence was also found to be positively correlated with dust exposure. However, there was an inverse association between education and dog contact. The regression investigation revealed statistically significant associations between residence, dust exposure, and water-related.

Conclusion: The model demonstrates a reasonable fit, suggesting regular awareness creation for toxoplasmosis management techniques, providing baseline information for control and prevention strategies, and improving toxoplasmosis knowledge and epidemiology.

In Benin, abortion significantly affects the productivity of small ruminant herds. This study assessed the impact of Chlamydia abortus on hematological and biochemical parameters in infected small ruminants in Plateau department. Blood samples from 25 infected sheep and goats across five districts were analyzed. The results showed a marked decrease in red blood cells, particularly hematocrit levels (22.7 ± 4 in Sakété). Animals under two years old also exhibited a significant drop in hematocrit levels (23.2 ± 2.9). In the white blood cell lineage, there was a substantial decrease in neutrophils (22.8 ± 2.4 in Ifangni), lymphocytes (39.0 ± 4.8 in Kétou), and an increase in monocytes (7.3 ± 2.1 in Pobè) and basophils (4.0 ± 1.8 in Adja-Ouèrè). Among animals under two years old and those that had aborted once, only lymphocyte levels showed a significant decrease (38.2 ± 5.5* and 38.9 ± 5.3* respectively). Biochemical analysis indicated elevated globulin levels (6.0 ± 1.6 in Kétou) and total protein (8.7 ± 1.5 in Pobè, 8.8 ± 3.0 in Kétou), while total protein and albumin levels decreased in Ifangni (4.4 ± 2.1) and Adja-Ouèrè (1.9 ± 0.2). Increased total protein levels were noted in animals under two years old (8.2 ± 3.3) and those that had aborted (8.5 ± 3.0). Hepatic profiles showed increased total bilirubin in Pobè. Ionic profile results revealed decreased calcium (8.5 ± 1.3) and sodium (134.2 ± 5.6) in Adja-Ouèrè, with increased phosphorus (6.2 ± 2.8 in Ifangni, 5.3 ± 1.8 in Sakété) and magnesium (2.9 ± 0.2 in Ifangni) levels. The study concludes that infection in these animals leads to hypochromic anemia, renal function disruption, and phospho-calcic metabolism imbalance, evident from the low red and white blood cell parameters, and altered biochemical and ionic profiles.

Newcastle disease is an acute viral disease that affects both domestic and wild bird species around the world. It is a costly and widespread disease in most poultry-producing countries, including Ethiopia. Newcastle disease virus is a member of the genus orthoavulavirus, species avian orthoavulavirus (AOAV-1), and a new subfamily Avulavirinae of the family Paramyxoviridae that causes Newcastle disease. The virus is a non-segmented, single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus. The virus's genome contains six open reading frames that encode six structural proteins and two non-structural proteins. The virus's two major surface glycoproteins are hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein mediates virus binding to host target cells, whereas the fusion protein facilitates viral envelope fusion with the cellular membrane of the target cells. Based on serological and phylogenic examination of the virus, fifteen distinct avian orthoavula virus serotypes are present. Strains are further grouped into three main pathotypes depending on their virulence and clinical signs: velogenic, mesogenic, and lentogenic. Newcastle disease is the most challenging avian disease in Ethiopia, resulting in significant economic losses for the poultry sector. The disease causes abrupt death with a 100% fatality rate to subclinical infection in chickens. The economic losses are associated with high mortality, morbidity, disease containment measures, outbreak eradication, and decreased egg production from breeder flocks. Regular outbreaks of the disease have posed a severe threat and confronted Ethiopia's burgeoning chicken sector. In endemic nations, there is a need to strengthen prevention and control strategies for Newcastle disease. As a result, this review article provides current scientific information on the Newcastle disease virus, including pathogenesis, antigenic variants, genetic diversity, current taxonomic classification, epidemiology, and various diagnostic techniques, in order to highlight the disease's control and prevention directions. Its goal is to combine numerous study findings from various sites and assess the disease's state in Ethiopia. Finally, to emphasize the poultry industry's economic importance in the country and to make recommendations for efficient management and prevention measures.

Emerging food borne pathogens are significant causes of morbidity and mortality both in developing nations as well as developed. Campylobacter is well recognized as the leading cause of bacterial food borne diarrheal disease and distributed all over the world. Campylobacteriosis is a collective description for infectious diseases caused by members of the bacterial genus Campylobacter. The only form of Campylobacteriosis of major public health importance is Campylobacter enteritis due to C. jejuni and C. coli. Research and control efforts on the disease have been conducted more often in developed countries than developing countries. However, because of the increasing incidence, expanding spectrum of infections, potential of HIV related deaths due to Campylobacter, epidemiological data suggest that Campylobacter remains a worldwide leading cause of gastrointestinal infections. Improperly prepared meat products, unpasteurized milk as well as non-chlorinated drinking water were shown to be the main sources of Campylobacteriosis. National surveillance programs and international collaborations are needed to address the substantial gaps in the knowledge about the epidemiology of Campylobacteriosis in developing countries. The aim of this review paper is to assess the global and national epidemiology and public health significance of Campylobacter with emphasis on the prevention and control options in developing countries following the experience of developed countries.

Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) is one of the main diseases caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. M. bovis can infect wide range of domestic and wild animals including human. In Ethiopia, the endemic nature of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals has long been reported and recent studies also showed that BTB is endemic mainly in cattle, in large parts of the country with considerable magnitude. The disease found to be less prevalent in rural area with characteristics of small holder farms rearing mainly Zebu cattle. However, on urban and semi-urban areas, market oriented production system leads to farming of high grade dairy cattle over a longer period of time exhibiting high prevalence level of the disease.

All over the world, ectoparasites is a serious menace to livestock, as well as human. Their parasitic activities include transmission of pathogenic organisms while feeding on the host tissues, establishment of their parasitic larval stage at the sub-dermal region of the skin, thereby creating a room for invasion of infectious organism. The study of tick’s ectoparasites bionomics among household animals in Ebonyi state was conducted in Ebonyi central district in 2019 using standard entomological techniques. A total of 300 animals were examined at different predilection sites and hygiene for ectoparasite bionomics. The result revealed that of the 539 (179.7%) ectoparasite recovered, sheep had the highest prevalence 215 (39.80%) followed by goats 191 (35.40%) and lastly dog 133 (24.66%). There was a mixed infestation among the animals examined of which sheep was infested with 55 (47.83%) ticks, goat 50 (43.48%) and dog 40 (34.78%). These ectoparasites had a high infestation rate in the animals assessed with very poor hygiene and nutritional standard, therefore control and treatment of these infested animals should be taken seriously because of the damage caused on these animals. The study also revealed that most ectoparasites were choice specific in infestation. It is therefore recommended that further research on the occurrence and spread of ectoparasites diseases should be carried out to cover other areas of Ebonyi state.

Genital ulceration disease in olive baboon (Papio anubis) caused by Treponema Pallidum, the disease causes moderate to severe genital ulceration in the population of an olive baboon. The study on the association between genital ulceration and body condition of olive baboons was conducted in the Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania. The study investigated the body condition of affected and non-affected olive baboons across an observation of 599 and reveals the proportion of affected and non-affected in the surveyed population. A pair of binoculars (10 x 50) were used whenever the located individual was observed healthy or with a clinical sign.

QGIS version 3.1 was used to map baboon distribution in the study area. R-studio version 2.3.1 was used to test the association between body condition and affected olive baboon. Results revealed that a total number of 104 individuals, 56 males 47 females were affected. Results also indicated that there is a positive association between the body condition and the affected baboon, R=0.23, while there is a negative association on non-affected individuals’ correlation R=-0.45.

The proportion shows significant variation between affected and non-affected individuals, χ²=53.772, df=17, P=0.001. On the other hand, the affected baboons revealed more emaciation, alopecia hand, rough hair signs compared to non-affected individuals. The most affected sex was female however there is no significant variation of sex in affected individuals χ²=65.03, df=51, P= 0.08941. It is concluded that Treponema pallidum infection with genital lesion associated with body condition is common in baboons of Lake the Manyara National Park.

A four years age male (jack) Donkey from wolaita Zone zagare kebele was presented to Damot Gale woreda Veterinary clinic on 02 February 2022, with the history of wound on the back; improper harnessing, padding, overloading and overworking. The main clinical signs were wound on back due to overloading for long distances without proper harness (padding) were the most cause of donkeys back sore wound. This case revealed that there is no variation in the treatment offered to donkeys with different risk factors sex, age, cause of sore and body condition score. Majority of donkeys with back sore wound was not gained any treatment. This infers that back sore is the major health and welfare problems of donkeys that compromise performances of working donkeys. After Bathe the wound with cold, clean water and ensuring treatments (wound spray) and procaine penicillin the wound of donkey heals in the best possible way followed by donkeys with the back sore should get sufficient rest and Regular and continuous community education about the proper use of harness on their donkeys should be given.