Veterinary Science & Technology

Clinical anesthetic trial was conducted on twelve apparently healthy bitches presented to Gondar University Veterinary Clinic for ovariohysterectomy procedures. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of intravenous diazepam on physiological, hematological, and anesthetic parameters and also to assess anesthetic complications and develop anesthetic protocol for dogs. The bitches were randomly assigned into Group I and Group II. Anesthetic protocol was achieved by administration of atropine (0.04 mg/kg BW, S.C) immediately followed with xylazineketamine (1 mg/kg BW+10 mg/kg BW, I.M) for both groups but diazepam (0.5 mg/kg BW, I.V) was also given to Group I bitches when the bitches were attaining lateral recumbency. Physio-hematological and anesthetic parameters were recorded and analyzed. Quality of induction and recovery was statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between the groups. The mean of induction time was significantly (P<0.05) shorter in Group I. The mean time for loss of pedal reflex was found significantly (P<0.05) decreased in group I. Response to surgical incision and muscle relaxation was statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between groups. Duration of anesthesia, time of sternal recumbency, time of unassisted standing and duration of recovery were significantly (P<0.05) longer in Group I as compared Group II. Post anesthetic salivation was significantly (P<0.05) exhibited by Group I. No bitches were died during anesthesia or after recovery. In conclusion, atropine-Xylazine-ketamine-diazepam anesthesia does not affect physio-hematological parameter and is a very satisfactory anesthetic protocol for excellent induction, adequate muscle relaxation, longer duration of anesthesia and smooth recovery compared to atropine-Xylazineketamine anesthesia.

This study was conducted on 282 domestic chickens of Bahir Dar, Yilimana densa woreda, and Bishoftu by using avian tuberculosis diagnosis procedures such as single intradermal avian tuberculin test, post mortem examination, and Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) staining from tissue samples of naturally infected Domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus). The overall of this disease current prevalence was determined based on tuberculin skin test results supported by Z-N stain and post mortem lesions and it was 4.26% (12/282) (95% CI: 1.9-6.6), with higher prevalence in semi-intensively reared exotic chickens (5.85%) than backyard reared indigenous local chicken. This indicates the occurrence of this disease has a statistical significance association both with the breed and production system, both having a p-value of 0.03. Twelve strong positive reactor chickens have shown a swelling of greater than 5 mm in diameter 48 h. of post injection with different variety results, some with edematous swelling, and others with firm erythematic nodular swelling. Typical tuberculous lesions were seen mostly on the liver and spleen. From 12 tuberculi reactor slaughtered chickens, a total of seven (58.3%) chickens had gross lesions on different visceral organs, of which three (42.9%) examined chickens have manifested gross lesions on more than one organ. On acid fast staining five (41.67%) with grossly discernible lesions revealed acid-fast rods. For culturing, Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) media was used as it yields more positive cultures, greater numbers of colonies on positive tubes, and shorter incubation times. None of the samples shown colonial growth till 8 weeks of incubation period and this may be due to the slow growth nature of mycobacterial species (especially when the infection was due to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis which needs a considerable long time for growth) and/or the current incubation temperature (37°C) may not be optimal as it does not fit the natural hosts internal body temperature and still the culture result is under process to see any growing colony. Therefore, this finding signaling an urgent need for intervention program to control the disease in domestic chickens and prevent zoonotic transmission.

Twelve number of healthy male guinea fowls from each variety of pearl, white, white breasted and lavender were selected based on the phenotypic characters and trained for semen collection by abdominal massage technique. Pooled semen from each variety, were diluted with the lakes semen extender, Modified Beltsville poultry semen extender, and Beltsville poultry semen extender each in the ratio of 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5. The spermatozoa motility was assessed at 0,1,2,4 and 6 hours of storage. Maximum percent motility of 83.33, 86.67 and 79.19 were observed in the semen of pearl, white breasted and lavender varieties of guinea fowl diluted Beltsville poultry semen extender in the ration 1:4 at maximum storage period. Maximum spermatozoa motility in white guinea fowl variety was observed with the semen diluted with BPSE at the ratio of 1:3 (81.67). The current study will be of immense useful for the selection of semen diluents for better fertility through artificial insemination in guinea fowls.

This survey was done to investigate the prevalence of internal parasites in the intestine of dogs in Duhok province from February to October 2015. A total of 270 sheep-keepers, owned, pet and stray dogs’ fecal samples from most areas in Duhok province were collected and examined by flotation technique, sedimentation technique and direct smear. During this study Spirocerca lupi (0.7%) and Uncernia stenocephala (2%) were recorded for the first time in Kurdistan region; while Diplydium caninum (16.7%), Strongyloides spp. (1.9%), Ancylostoma caninum (2.2%), Isosporaspp (9.3%), cyst of Giardia (5.2%), Hymenolepis nana (1.9%), Eimeria oocyst (3.7%), Taenia spp. (13.7%) and trematode eggs (1.9%) were recorded for the first time in dogs of Duhok province. The overall percentage of intestinal parasites in dogs was 65.9%.

The study was conducted from October 2015 to November 2015 in Gambela and Abobo districts of Gambela Peoples Regional State, southwestern Ethiopia. It was designed to avail information on prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent densities of vectors of the trypanosomosis. A parasitological study using buffy coat technique was employed for the determination of prevalence of trypanosomosis while baited mono pyramidal traps were used for the vector survey. A total of 862 cattle randomly selected from the study population were examined for the parasitological study. The result of parasitological study revealed that the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was found to be 16.59%, 95% CI=14.10-19.08 indicating trypanosomosis is a serious problem in the area. Three Trypanosoma species were identified during the study period: Trypanosoma brucei, T. vivax and T. congolense. Highest trypanosome prevalence (18.67%) was seen in animals with poor condition than that of those with medium (16.76%) and good (14.20%) body condition for the concerned blood parasite but no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). Higher infection rate was occurred in male (18.35%) than female (14.79%) cattle without significant difference (P>0.05). Prevalence was significantly higher in adult animals (17.95%) than younger ones (7.27%) (P>0.05). The study suggested that mean PCV values of parasitaemic (21.13%) cattle was significantly lower than aparasitaemic (22.26%) animals (P<0.05). During entomological survey, four species of tsetse fly: G. tachnoides, G. morsitsns submorsitans, G. pallidipes and G. fuscipes fuscipes and three genera of other biting flies: Tabanus, Haematopota and Stomoxys spp. were caught. The overall apparent density of tsetse flies was 0.75 fly/trap/day. Trypanosomosis and tsetse fly pose great threat to cattle residing in study areas. Thus, appropriate intervention measures need to be taken.

A retrospective study was conducted from March, 2016 to June, 2016 in University of Gondar veterinary clinic to identify commonly used anthelmintic drugs and to assess the pattern of anthelmintic utilization. Data on 557 anthelmintics was collected from case registration books written for the last two years and three months (from January 01, 2014 to March 30, 2016). Out of the total anthelmintics (557), 285 (51.2%) albendazole, 214 (38.4%) ivermectin, 24 (4.3%) mebendazole, 22 (3.9%) fenbendazole, 7 (1.3%) triclabendazole, 4 (0.7%) tetramizole and 1 (0.2%) praziquantel were utilized. 44.3% of the anthelmintics were prescribed to treat diseases that were tentatively diagnosed as nonparasitic cases. Out of the total anthelmintics utilized, 253 (45.4%) were given for bovine. 227 (40.8%) and 330 (59.2%) of the anthelmintics were prescribed for young and adult animals respectively. 395 (70.0%) and 167 (30.0%) of the anthelmintics were also given for animals with poor body condition and good body condition, respectively. 9.5%, 34.6%, 31.8%, and 24.1% of the anthelmintics were utilized in winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively. 513 (92.1%) of the anthelmintics were prescribed to treat diseases that were diagnosed empirically. The remaining 44 (7.9%) were prescribed based on definitive (laboratory- supported) diagnosis. The total number of anthelmintics was prescribed by generic name. Out of the total anthelmintics, 385 (69.1%) were prescribed in combination with other drugs. The findings had shown that problems of correct diagnosis, repeated use of the same class of anthelmintics for long period and prescription of anthelmintics for nonparasitic diseases. Therefore, sound veterinary diagnosis before considering the use of anthelmintics and rotation of anthelmintics between classes should be practiced.

Aspergillosis is a respiratory disease of chicken, turkey, humans and other mammals and less frequently ducks, pigeon, geese and other wild and domestic birds. It is cuased by a fungal species under the genus Aspergillus. In chickens and turkey, the disease may be endemic on some farm. In wild birds, it appears too sporadic, frequently affecting only an individual bird. It is usually seen in birds of 7-40 days old. Aspergillus spp are ubiquitous and the disease is found where ever environmental condition is favorable for growth. Aspergillus fumigatus is frequently isolated in affected bird. Infection occurs by inhalation of spores. The disease has two forms, acute and chronic form. The acute form occurs when large amount of spores are ingested by the bird, where as, the chronic form affects birds under immune suppression. The clinical signs are non-specific and a variety of diagnostic procedures are required for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in poultry, of which culturing is very important. Treatment of aspergillosis is not effective and prevention is the best way of controlling the disease. Good managemental practices such as sanitation, avoiding wet litter or soil and moldy or dusty feeds, provididing adequate ventilation, and disinfecting feed and water lines should be implemented to prevent and control the disease.

A cross sectional study was conducted between February, 2014 and April, 2014 to isolate and identify Staphylococcus from dairy cattle farms and municipal abattoir; and to evaluate antimicrobial sensitivity for isolates in and around Asella, Ethiopia. An over all of 181 samples were collected and processed from nine dairy cattle farms (87) and seven municipal abattoir visits (94). Accordingly, 42 (23.2%) udder milk, 9 (5.0%) tank milk, 9 (5.0%) polled bucket swab, 9 (5.0%) tank swab, 9 (5.0%) polled hand swab, 9 (5.0%) polled nasal swab, from dairy cattle farms; and 66 (36.5%) meat swab, 7 (3.9%) polled knife swab, 7 (3.9%) polled slaughter line swab, 7 (3.9%) polled hand swab and 7 (3.9%) polled nasal swab from municipal abattoir visits were collected. The result showed the overall proportion of Staphylococcus was 89 (49.2%). Staphylococcal species were more predominant in abattoir 50/94 (53.2%) than farms 39/87 (44.8%), but there was no significant difference between them because p>0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Also high proportion of Staphylococcus was isolated from polled farm nasal swab 8/9 (88.9%), but this difference between sample type and the presence of Staphylococcus is not significant, because p-value (0.303) is greater than 0.05 at 0.05 level. Up on isolation and identification 35 (19.3%), 6 (3.3%), 24 (13.3%), 24 (13.3%) were S. aureus, S. intermedius, S. hyicus and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS), respectively. From total positive samples, 55 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to different 15 antimicrobial discs. The comparative efficacies of antimicrobials used indicates Gentamycin, Kanamycin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacillin, and Sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim, were the most effective antibiotics where by 94.5%, 89.1%, 81.8%, 81.8%, and 81.8% respectively. Good hygienic practices should be followed both in dairy cattle farms and municipal abattoir including working personnel and equipment’s used; and antimicrobials susceptibility test should be carried out at regular intervals to find out the development of resistance against the most commonly applied antibiotics.

In Ethiopia Newcastle disease virus is the most important cause of loss in village-dwelling as well as commercially raised chickens. The disease occurs almost at any time of a year throughout the country including East Shewa Zone. A cross sectional study was therefore conducted from December 2014 to May 2015 to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease in market and village chicken in selected districts of East Shewa zone of Ethiopia. Molecular diagnostic technique, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to detect the viruses during the study. A total of 300 swab samples was collected using simple random sampling technique in Adama and Bishoftu Districts. An overall prevalence of 26.7% (40/300) was recorded during this study from the collected swab samples using real time PCR. The result of this study indicated that village chicken flock are endemically infected with Newcastle disease virus which could pose a threat to commercial poultry farms. Attention should therefore be given for regular monitoring of Newcastle disease virus in village chickens and wild birds and measures to prevent this infection should be taken.

Background: sea cucumber is important aquatics with nutritional and medical properties. Aim: So, the aim of this study was to determine comparison effect of alcoholic and non-polar extract of Persian Gulf sea cucumber on steroid hormones levels in Molly fish. Methods: A total 210 Molly fish were randomly divided into 7 experimental groups (n=30). In Group 1, fish kept as control (without injection). In Group 2, fish injected with ethanol (100 mg/kg, i.m.) for 20 days. In Group 3, fish injected with hexane (100 mg/kg, i.m.) for 20 days. In Groups 4-5, fish injected with alcoholic extract of Persian Gulf sea cucumber (AEPGSC, 100 and 200 mg/kg, i.m.) for 20 days, respectively. In Groups 6-7, fish injected with nonpolar extract of Persian Gulf sea cucumber (NPEPGSC, 100 and 200 mg/kg, i.m.) for 20 days, respectively. In all groups, the injection was given on alternate days. Then 24 h after the last injection, fish euthanized using PI222 (Pars Imen Daru, Tehran, Iran). The biometric indexes body length (cm) and weight (g) were determined. Then the gonads carried out and the body mass homogenized, body testosterone (ng/ml), β-estradiol (ng/ml), cholesterol (mg/dl) and germ cell index (mm) were determined. Results: According to the results, injection of AEPGSC and NPEPGSC significantly diminished body β-estradiol levels (ng/ml) in the Moly fish compared to control group (P=0.012). Injection of AEPGSC (200 mg/kg) and NPEPGSC (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly diminished body testosterone (P=0.000) and cholesterol (P=0.003) levels in the Molly fish. Conclusion: these results suggest Persian Gulf sea cucumber extract has an effect on the production of steroid hormones in Molly fish.

The main aim of this study is to investigate the salivary protein profile of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus/javanicus) and their crossbred descendents with Bos taurus or Bos indicus in the country side farm of North Lombok District, Indonesia. A total of 52 samples of saliva collected from Bali cattle, a mix of Bali cattle and taurine or zebu cattle, and a pure taurine dairy cattle, were investigated through SDS-PAGE. Intra and inter specific relationships were estimated using Jaccard’s similarity and Euclidean distance index. Dendograms based on cluster analysis, and hierarchical analyses using Ward’s method were developed. It was revealed that cluster analyses of salivary proteins in the range of 17-45 kDa were able to be classified and disengaged from the breed or species in the population in this study. It can thus be concluded that saliva has a good prospect as an alternative biological material for phylogenetic studies in the population. It is explicable that further verification using molecular genetics technology, should be carried out before the concept is decided to be put into daily practice.

The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of the feeding level on the testicular and body weight growth of Ouled Djellal ram lambs. The study lasted 3 months (15 March to 15 June 2015) from post-weaning until prepubertal period at the Technical Institute Farms (ITELV) Lamtar of Sidi-bel-Abbes (Western Algeria). Twenty Ouled Djellal lambs of 3-4 months of age were weighed and alloted into two equal groups of Low (n=10) or High (n=10) nutrition plane. Each group received, in addition to a basal diet, 200 g and 400 g head-1day-1 respectively. Monthly measurements of live weight and testicular volume of lambs were recorded. During the trial, the High group showed a significant greater live weight compared to the low group. Whereas, the testicular growth was a gradual and linear increase according to the two groups (low and high) without significant differences. However, all measurements of testis, live weight and age were positively correlated with one another at both low and high groups during the trial. It was concluded that postweaning nutrition management had a strong influence on lamb live weight, which in turn was related to testicular growth and prepubertal period in Ouled Djellal ram lambs. The strategy foucussed feeding is necessary to optimise weight and tesicular growth of ram lambs replacements. Also, the nutrition management may be a useful tool to maximize productivity in flocks.

A cross sectional study was conducted from November, 2015 to April, 2016 to determine the prevalence, associated epidemiological factors and identifying the species of ovine respiratory helminthes circulating in and around Wogera district. Modified Baermann technique was conducted to detect first stage larvae (L1) from 386 randomly sampled sheep kept under extensive and semi intensive management systems. Out of the total 386 faecal samples examined 180 were found to harboring one or more lungworm parasites with an overall prevalence of 46.6% (180/386). Dictyocaulus filarial (D. filaria) was the dominant lungworm species with prevalence of 18.9%, followed by Mulliries capillaries (M. capillaries) 14.2%, Protostrongylus rufescens (P. rufescens) 2.3% and Mixed infection with D. filarial and M. capillaries species (11.1%). In this study, animals with poor body condition (23.1%) were highly infected with significant difference (P<0.05) than medium (14.8%) and good body conditions (8.8%). There was statistical significant difference in susceptibility between different age groups (P<0.05), the young (25.1%) being more affected than adult (22.5%) animals. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found among areas of different altitude with an infection rate of 29% and 17.6% at higher and medium altitude areas respectively. Sheep kept under extensive management system and semi intensive management system also showed statistically significant variation (P<0.05) in infection rate with different lung worm species. The overall results obtained during this investigation showed that D. filaria is the most common lungworm species in its not only high prevalence rate, but also high degree of association with occurrence of clinical respiratory signs. The result of this study indicated that lungworms in sheep are common parasites which induce heavy economic loss that needs greater attention due to its impact on sheep production of the study area.

Ticks are blood feeding ectoparasites that induce huge production losses in livestock industry and creating serious public health problems in the world. Although the use of chemicals is still the most effective method of tick control, uncontrolled applications may have accelerated the emergence of tick resistance to several active ingredients available. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of commonly used acaricides (amitraz and diazinon) against Rhipicephalus decoloratus and Amblyomma variegatum collected from cattle by using Adult immersion test method. The in-vitro test employed an adult immersion technique. For laboratory experiment, adult ticks collected were exposed to Amitraz or Diazinon. The in-vitro assay showed no statistically significant tickicidal difference (p>0.05) between these compounds, although amitraz proved a relatively better efficacy. For both acaricides, doubled concentration was more effective in tick killing. In conclusion, comparing the efficacy of the two acaricides, amitraz is the preferable one. Furthermore, right application and choice of acaricides, avoidance of uncontrolled utilization of commercial insecticides and Strategies involving the early detection of resistance needs to be pursued in order to avoid any resistance against ticks in cattle.

Identify the causative agents of mastitis present in the mammary glands of primiparous heifers submitted or not to precalving treatment and to determine the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the CoNS isolates. Eightyseven animals were studied: Farm (1), 40 heifers, commercial farm, all treated precalving; Farm (2), 18 heifers; Farm (3), 29 animals. On Farms 2 and 3, the animals were divided into precalving treated and untreated groups. The treatments consisting of intramammary antibiotic infusion were administered 60 days before calving to all mammary quarters of each heifer after local antisepsis. Samples were collected during the precalving and calving period, 10 days after calving, and monthly. The results showed a predominance of CoNS during the precalving (28.75%) and calving (1.25%) period on Farm 1. On Farm 2, CoNS predominated during the precalving (88.89%) and calving (60%) period in untreated heifers; in the treated group, the precalving frequency of CoNS was 100%. On Farm 3, coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) predominated during the precalving and calving period in the untreated group (69.24% and 39.28%, respectively). The antibiogram revealed the following antibiotic resistance profiles: Farm 1 16.98% ampicillin, and 2.83% oxacillin; Farm 2 31.03% penicillin and 17.24% oxacillin, and Farm 3 52.22% penicillin and 13.33% oxacillin. The presence of CoNS in the mammary gland of antibiotic-resistant heifers suggests these animals to be a source of infection in the herd.

The normal and low-grade ejaculates collected from the eight bulls under study were evaluated of various semen parameters. The overall means of HOS-G sperm was recorded as 56.50 ± 0.50 and 30.35 ± 0.66 percent for HOS positive and acrosome positive (HPAP), 17.30 ± 0.54 and 19.48 ± 0.66 percent for HOS positive and acrosome negative (HPAN), 18.73 ± 0.54 and 30.11 ± 0.89 percent for HOS negative and acrosome positive (HNAP) and 7.64 ± 0.47 and 19.63 ± 0.94 percent for HOS negative and acrosome negative (HNAN) in fresh semen of normal and low grade ejaculates, respectively. The overall mean sperm penetration distance was recorded as 19.75 ± 0.19 and 14.40 ± 0.19 mm/20 min in normal and low grade ejaculates (Table 1) with a highly significant difference between them (P<0.01). The sperm penetration distance (mm/20 min) differed only amongst bulls of low grade ejaculates and not among those of normal ejaculates. It was concluded from the present study that routine semen evaluation tests which are mainly subjective in nature suffered human bias and have limited ability to predict the fertilizing capacity of the sperm, hence still more sensitive tests like functional assessment of plasma membrane and acrosome membrane (HOS-G Test) and sperm penetration distance in synthetic medium are essential to predict optimum fertility.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2015 up to April 2016 to determine the prevalence of calf Coccidiosis, identify the associated risk factors and to determine the intensity of infection in selected dairy farms from eight woreda of south Wollo zone, Ethiopia. Fecal samples were randomly collected from nine hundred calves belonging to twenty purposively selected dairy farms and were examined for the presence of the oocysts of Eimeria by floatation technique using concentrated sucrose solution. The study revealed that the overall prevalence of coccidiosis was 24.3%. The risk factors considered were age, breed, production system and hygiene status of the dairy farms. The prevalence of Coccidiosis was higher within calves in poor hygiene dairy farms than caves from better hygiene. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence of Coccidiosis between the different age groups with the highest prevalence in age category less than 6 months (31.5%). There was also significant variation (P<0.05) between calf breeds. The highest prevalence of Coccidiosis was recorded in calves with diarrheic faeces (61.5%) than the other calves with soft and normal fecal consistency (P<0.05). Appropriate monitoring and control of the disease is advisable in the study farms.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in the electrolyte and trace elements profiles, antioxidants and oxidative stress level associated with pneumonic pasteurllosis in camel-calves in Saudi Arabia. For this purpose, venous blood samples were obtained from 48 camel-calves with pneumonic pasteurellosis and 48 randomly selected clinically healthy camel-calves (control group). Serum trace elements including sodium, potassium, chloride, copper and zinc were assayed. Serum malondialdehyde and low-density lipoprotein levels as well as total antioxidant capacity; hydrogen peroxide concentration; and activity of reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were measured. Moreover, copper/zinc ratio and oxidative stress index were calculated. In camel-calves with pneumonic pasteurellosis, there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the level of serum sodium, potassium, chloride, copper and zinc; total antioxidant capacity; and the activity of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase when compared with control group. Meanwhile, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in copper/ zinc ratio; level of malondialdehyde and low density lipoprotein; concentration of hydrogen peroxide; and oxidative stress index in pneumonic camel-calves compared to control group. The results indicate that electrolyte profiles, trace element level and oxidants antioxidants balance are greatly disturbed in camel-calves with pasteurellosis.

Sero-surveillance was conducted to determine seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminant’s virus (PPRV) in sheep and goats population of Tanzania using samples collected in 2013 and 2015. A total of 3,838 samples were collected from villages in 14 of the 25 mainland regions. Samples were tested by competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies against PPRV. Overall, 998 of the samples were found to be positive for antibodies against PPR, giving a seroprevalence of 27.1%. In this study, there was no statistical significant difference of getting PPR between sheep and goats (odds ratio of 1.06, 95% CI 0.89-1.25). The overall seroprevalence indicates that PPR is prevalent in small ruminants in the study areas. The study also confirms the presence of antibodies against PPR in sheep and goats in regions of Tanzania that previously had little to no data on the disease, an indication that PPR is spreading within Tanzania with the possibility of spreading to neighboring countries.

In veterinary practice for the prevention of Salmonella infections has been used vaccination and partial antibacterial preparations (antibiotics, antimicrobial chemical therapy preparations), which had been used for the therapy of ill animals. During ten years, the unsustainable use of antibiotics and antimicrobial chemical therapy preparations in veterinary practice caused the selection of pathogenic residential form of microbes, which resulted significant reduction of therapeutic effect of preparations. During the use of antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of Salmonella disease among animals is not efficient. In most cases the animals are becoming caries of diseases and are still staying as a dangerous source for epidemic. The part of the Salmonella bacteria which cause Salmonella among animals: S. typhi-murium; S. Dublin; S. enteritidis.; S. choleraesuis; S antum; as well as S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B, do not cause illness among animals, but are dangerous for humans, because they cause Salmonella diseases among people. Therefore, it becomes more important to create safe preparation against Salmonella diseases as bacteriophages preparations. Their practical usefulness is defined: by its highly specific action oriented effect and lack of correlation towards other anti-microbe preparations of bacteria. After the prevention and treatment and with specific bacteriophages in comparison with other anti-microbe and chemical preparations we can significantly reduce the quantity of bacteria carriers. The purpose of our project (the World Bank’s Georgian Agriculture Development Program’s Project - CGS 03-70) was to demonstrate environmentally friendly, sustainable and efficient veterinary technology against antibiotic resistant microbes: Salmonella abortus ovi, S. abortus equi; S gallinarum; S. pullozum; S. typhimurium; S. Dublin; Salmonella Enteritidis; S. cholerae suis; S antum; S. Hajnia abvei Moller; and by means of selection of highly efficient and clean bacteriophages the creation of preventive- treating veterinary preparations for its further practical use.

A total of 300 local zebu lactating cows of small holders farmers around Debrezeit were examined to determine the prevalence of mastitis with associated risk factor, isolate bacterial pathogens involved and its antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Clinical prevalence was determined through examination of abnormalities of milk and udder and California Mastitis Test (CMT) were used for determining subclinical mastitis. Bacterial culture and Agar disc diffusion was used for isolation and antibiotic susceptibility test. Based on the result out of 18 (6%) positive samples, 2 (0.7%) were clinical and the other 16 (5.3%) were sub-clinical mastitis. Among the potential risk factors considered, there was significant difference (P<0.05) between semi-intensive and extensive farming system. All positive samples were positive for aerobic bacteria. The bacterial species isolated were CNS and Micrococcusspecies 22.2%, Staphylococcus aureus 16% Staphylococcus epidermis and Mycoplasma species 11.1%, Enterococcus species, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus hycus were 5.65%. Comparing the overall efficacy of antimicrobials on isolate kanamycin was the most effective antibiotic where 85.7% of the total isolate were found to be susceptible.

Snake fungal disease (SFD), caused by the ascomycete Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, has been associated with severe morbidity and mortality of numerous species of wild snakes in 15 US states. Accordingly, SFD was added to the horizon scan of global conservation issues in 2014. Due to the itinerant and secluded nature of many snake species, as well as the diversity of species impacted by SFD, estimating SFD-associated mortalities has been challenging. Regardless, the impacts have been shown to be significant in local and regional instances. Currently there is no known therapeutic or prophylactic for SFD. This study evaluated a potential biological treatment option for SFD that has shown promise in managing white-nose syndrome in bats, the bacterium Rhodococcus rhodochrous DAP 96253. R. rhodochrous was evaluated for in vitro contact-independent antagonism of O. ophiodiicola, with positive results. Additionally, synthetic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with fungistatic soils were evaluated individually and in combinations to determine their potential for use as chemical control agents of SFD. In all cases an inhibitory effect was observed and statistically significant (p<0.05) radial growth inhibition was observed in several cases. The results presented in this study provide initial evidence for the in vivo evaluation of the potential of these agents to prevent or reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SFD.

This study was divided into 3 phases. The 1st phase was the experiment in seven cadaver skulls to compare force from 2 techniques of weight load; interdental wiring and interdental wiring together with dental acrylic, with 1, 2 and 3 kilogram bar for 10 minutes. The evaluation was done by measuring the gap of the fracture line in a lateral radiograph. The force was calculated from the gap according to momentum and force balance law. Force after the interdental wiring technique and force after intraoral acrylic splint together with interdental wiring were compared by paired t-test. The results found significant difference (P<0.05) (-22.76 and -3.58). The 2nd phase’s objective was to test tissue inflammation when use dental acrylic in the oral cavity. Upper canine teeth of 3 experiment dogs were banded with dental acrylic for 14 days. Then the gum was checked for inflammation. There was very mild to no inflammation. The last phase was done in mandibular body fractures of 2 dogs using the intraoral splint together with dental acrylic and which was followed up until mandibular bone was healed. Both of them had progressive bone healing at 2 months and clinical bone union at 4 months after surgery.

During the present study Diplocystis kasmirensis n. sp. (Sporozoa: Eugregarinida) were collected from Haemocoel including gut surface of Blatta orientalis Linnaeus (Dictyoptera; Blattidae) with description to their morphology, life cycle stages and taxonomy.

The present study was conducted to clarify the effect of ketorolac (NSAID) on Leydig cells of Buck to achieve the ketorolac event through two experiments. First is to determine the survival time of Leydig cells to produce maximum viable growth; The second is to assess the viability using multiple ketorolac series concentration of 0.03-0.15 in vitro. The viability of proliferative cell was decreased as dose dependent due to the negative correlation of the cessation, transition and development from the G2 phase to the intermediate M phase of cell cycle, which is the stopover proliferation of cells and diminishes the viability of isolated buck Leydig cells. So the inhibition of NF-κB through ketorolac may be augmenting the chemo-sensitivity of Leydig cells to the DNA topoisomerase inhibitor, which was presumably induction of apoptosis shown by DNA mismatch repair proficiency covered disruption of cell metabolism.

Cholinesterase are often taken as biomarkers of exposure and effect. Then acetylhydrolase isozymes and acylcholine acylhydrolase were examined for their suitability as biomarkers of pesticide exposure. The study of effects of embryos of the rabbit is already an accepted tool in monitor food waste levels, but effects of various groups of substances to the rabbit embryo remain to be studied. A 43% inhibition of acetylhydrolase enzyme activities was reached by 250 mg/kg malathion, while 35% inhibition of acylcholine acylhydrolase enzyme activities was reached by 500 mg/kg malathion indicating the possible use of these enzymes as biomarkers of exposure. There are found some significant specific activities of the acetylhydrolase ranged from 1.5-7.1 U mg−1 protein. The specific activity of acylcholine acylhydrolase in the range of 0.9-4.5 U mg−1 protein in the respective developmental stages. Substratespecificity was analyzed using specific inhibitors (iso-OMPA and BW284c51). The results showed that the observed cholinesterase’s activities in the whole embryo may be attributed mainly to acetylhydrolase with a partial capability to use butyrylthiocholine (BuSCh) as an additional substrate.

Microarray is a plethora of multiple genetic data. It is a collection of microscopic spots contains picomoles (10-12 moles) of a specific sequences (DNA, cDNA, cRNA, Oligonucleotides), known as probes. These probes hybridize with specific nucleic acid sequence called targets which are labelled with a fluorescent dye. Hybridization property between nucleotides were utilized in this and the signals produced are scanned and image data is converted to raw data using various softwares. Microarray has number of applications in the area of evolution biology, pathway analysis, toxicogenomics, pharmacogenomics, forensics, oncology and disease diagnostics and characterization. The genes responsible for several stages of cell to cell interaction of pathogens from adhesion to entry into the host cell and evading the host immune mechanism can be studied. Comparative genomic hybridization, not only yield information of individual genes in different tissues (normal or diseased, cancerous or non cancerous cells), but also on the regulation of different genes regulated pathways. Studying the molecular signature of pathogens paves an easy way for their detection. Moreover, these informations are utilized for better diagnostics, vaccine and drug development. Use of microarrays during outbreaks and/or disease surveillance would save time and help in early decisions to control the spread of disease. Thus, microarray proved to be a perfect drive in animal disease diagnostic. In veterinary field only few studies were done to interrogate the gene expression profile and detection of pathogens. While they have the potential, detection microarrays are yet to be used as routine surveillance tools in veterinary because of high sophistication, and cost per test is still high compared to other diagnostic methods. With all these advances many novel techniques born out of this technology with less cost and minimum training will play increasing role in disease diagnosis in near future.

During the present study, for the first time Nematode parasites were from the colon region of the intestine of Blatta orientalis from Srinagar. On close examination, they were found to resemble to those of Leidynema appendiculate in all their morphological and biological features. Both male and female specimens were recovered but male specimens were lesser in comparison to females. Measurements and camera lucida drawings are also given.

In the present thesis was conducted to clarify the effect of ketorolac (NSAID) on the Leydig cells of goats to achieve the ketorolac event, by the evaluation steroidoginic activity of ketorolac series on Leydig cell concentrations in vitro. Mitochondrial defects reduction of functional processes of sterodoginc activity reduction of testosterone levels via mitotracker probe indicator, ketorolac may be affected on the steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein and translocator protein (TSPO). Ketorolac might mutilation and impair the cells were via the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the cells followed by uncouple mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as ATP depletion. Testosterone level displays in all treated maneuvers LH, LH-GnRH and GnRH in ketorolac challenge decrease testosterone levels at a concentration of ketorolac from 0.6-0.15 mM with the exception in GNRH – ketorolac maneuvers result showed an increase in testosterone level in 0.03-0.06 mM, then fall up down other maneuvers of treatment. The testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of mammalian is achieved almost motivated by the binding of luteinizing hormone (LH) to the plasma membrane of Leydig cell receptors efficaciously, that lead to creation of c.AMP Inhibition of LTB4 that due to direct inhibition of lipoxygenase action, and had a direct effect to reduce LTB4 and may be various eicosanoids also 12 (S) - hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 15 (S) - hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid binds to and activates LTB.