Veterinary Science & Technology

Four female calves aged of 1 year to 1 year and 4 months which weighing 86-100 kg and three male goats weighing 22-31 kg and ages of less than one year were included in the study. All experimental animals were infected intravenously with 1 ml (concentrated) blood containing the wild strain of T. vivax brought from Gibe valley. Fresh blood sample of each animal was collected directly from the jugular vein for 84 days in two days interval. The mean PCV was 34%, 33%, 35.5% and 33.25% respectively, for week one, week two, three and week four before inoculation for calves and 32.8%, 34.2%, and 35.8% for goats. The mean PCV started decreasing between 4-6 days post inoculation for all calves to 21.5+1.1% and then sharply decreased to 13+0.5% in day 13-17 post inoculation. Between days 19-24 post inoculation the mean PCV was increased to 21+2.2 and decreased to 14.6+1.14 between 26-35 days post inoculation. Thereafter the PCV decreased continually and attained the severely lowest value (10.5+0.7) between 66-78 days post inoculation. For goats the mean PCV decreased to 20+0.08% by day 6 post inoculation and then drop down in PCV attained its lowest (15+.03%) by day 14 post inoculation. Thereafter throughout the course of the disease the mean PCV makes up and down waves till the second lowest mean PCV was recorded at day 37 post inoculation. The lowest PCV was beyond 37 days post inoculation for goats but it was beyond 66 days post inoculation for calves. The wave of up and downs was almost similar in two species even though the numbers vary. All infected calves and goats similarly developed progressive neutropenia, an initial lymphocytosis, monocytosis and eosinophilia. In general as the course of infection increased severe pan leukopenia was observed and this could cause immunosuppression which intern could be due to reduced myelopoiesis for both species (the exact number of leukocytes vary for calves and goats). In general neutropenia and monocytosis continues for longer period than other leukocytes and these leukocytes if studied and amalgamated with other factors might help in diagnosis of animal trypanosomiasis. The weight loss was progressive for calves and goats and as the course increased loss was worsened in both species.

Lumpy skin disease, which is caused by lumpy skin disease virus, is among the major health problems affecting the livestock industry of most African countries. Skin lesions are the major sources of infection; although the virus is evacuated via different body secretions and excretions including semen. Thus, susceptible hosts contract the virus principally by mechanical means from hematophagous arthropods, including biting flies, mosquitoes and ticks. Transstadial and transovarial persistence in varies species of ticks is also possible. Following infection, characteristic lumpy skin disease lesions may explode from 7 to 14 days post infection under experimental conditions whereas in natural cases it takes 2 to 5 weeks. Lumpy skin disease is manifested by distinguishing firm, circumscribed, few (mild forms) to multiple (severe forms) skin nodules, which sometimes involve mucous membranes of respiratory system, urogenital system and other internal organs. Subsequently, milk production lessen, abortion, temporary or permanent sterility, damage to hide and deaths will occur which further contribute to a momentous economic loss in cattle producing countries. Therefore, large-scale vaccination combined with other appropriate control measures are the most effective way of limiting the spread and economic impact due to lumpy skin disease. This review is designed with the aim of providing, latest information on the biology of lumpy skin disease virus, mechanism of spread, clinical and pathological features of lumpy skin disease.

Changes in some haemotological parameters (erythrocyte count, hematocrit values and leukocyte counts) in animals with lice infestation had been reported previously. In this regards, information on the effect of Bovicola ovis (B. ovis) infestation on hematological values under experimental condition in Ethiopian sheep is not available. A total of 12 animals divided into two groups of six animals each were used in the experiment. Animals in one group were infested with 500 lice (Bovicola ovis) per sheep collected from different donor animals and the other group served as a non-infested control. Each group was observed for a period of eight consecutive weeks. The present findings demonstrated that the mean parasite burden/10 cm2 of skin was 16 in infested group whereas the control group did not have any lice. Packed cell volume was not significantly different between the two groups and values were in the normal range. On the other hand total RBC count was significantly lower for the infested group (P<0.05). Comparison of the leukocyte counts between the two groups indicated that the total count and eosinophil levels were significantly elevated in the infested group (P<0.05). In conclusion, B. ovis infestation results not only skin damage but also causes systemic changes that may significantly alter the physiological and health status of infested animals.

Objective: To assess Equine Sarcoid: Epidemiology and its clinical impact in working donkeys in selected districts of central Ethiopia. Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted between November, 2009 to April 2010 to assess the epidemiology and clinical impact of equine sarcoids in working donkeys. A structured questionnaire survey was also designed to collect data on current status of sarcoid on donkeys. A random sampling technique was used to select a total of 394 working donkeys in this study. Selected donkeys were clinically examined properly for visible skin lesion. Results: Among a total of donkeys observed during study period, 31 (7.9%) were diagnosed sarcoid positive. A Chi square analysis was used to determine degree of association between risk factors and prevalence of sarcoid infection. The analysis revealed that sarcoid in working donkeys were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of nonworking donkeys. About 83.9% of sarcoid were increasing in size, while 16.1% sarcoid were static in nature. The invasive nature of sarcoid and its complication resulted in apparent blindness, difficulties in locomotion, urination, grazing, mastication and deification. Conclusion: The result of present work suggest that the prevalence impact of equine sarcoid on health and welfare of working donkeys was considerable and deserves attention.

This paper reports a clinical management of lumpy skin disease in bull. A local breed bull with the complaint of nodular eruptions on different body parts was presented to Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital in November 29, 2017. A thorough physical examination was revealed that the bull was febrile with rectal body temperature of 40.4°C and had flare-up of small to large sized circumscribed nodules on different body parts and the neck area in particular. Besides, there was lameness, swelling of both prescapular and prefemoral lymph nodes. Based on the history, clinical findings and PCR result the case was confirmed as lumpy skin disease. The case was managed vigorously with combination therapy and interestingly the bull was recovered and sold.

Staphylococcus aureus is associated with poor food handling and sanitation practices responsible for notorious for causing human diseases. Using a cross-sectional study, it was isolated along Asella Municipal Beef Abattoir line and assessed for antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 470 samples consisting of 400 beef carcasses swab and 70 environmental (personal hand, apron, knife, splitting axil, hooks and meat wrapping plastic swab samples and cleaning water) samples were collected. Randomly selected isolates from each location were tested for 12 different antimicrobial agent using disk diffusion techniques. An overall 171 (36.4%) samples for which 137 (34.3%) from the carcass swab and 34 (48.6%) from Abattoir facilities were positive for S. aureus. The isolation was ranged from 30% in clean water sample to 60% each from personal hand swab and Hook swab sample. Although resistance was not observed for bacitracin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and sulfamethozathole, the resistance of 77.5%, 45.0%, 36.3%, 28.8%, 26.3%, 21.3%, 20.0% and 7.5% to amoxicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, penicillin-G, vancomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline and doxycycline were observed in descending order. One, two, three, four and five drugs resistant isolates were observed in 14.1%, 33.3%, 29.5%, 19.2% and 3.8% of the resistant isolates. Resistant isolate to amoxicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin and penicillin-G, were frequently observed along the majorities of sampling location. The findings indicate the risk of public in acquiring drug resistant, staphylococcal infections enter food poisoning. Implementing line based hygienic operation during beef carcass processing and transporting could minimize carcass contamination with S. aureus including the resistant one.

The efficacy of anthelmintic is affected by incorrect dosage, exclusive use of drugs of the same mode of action, substandard quality drugs, and inappropriate handling. Questionnaire survey was administered to 384 farmers to assess the awareness level of farmers about practices in relation to quality and management of anthelmintic drug in Adea Berga district, Central Ethiopia. A total of 384 farmers were contacted, 69% of the respondents were males while 31% were females. The majority of interviewees were uneducated (63%) and 77.6% of the respondent had awareness about the drug store. Of the interviewees, majority of them had no enough knowledge about safe handling and its management. 59.5% of the respondent bought the drugs from veterinary clinic and 78.3% kept the drugs at room temperature that compromise the quality of the drug. Majority of the respondents (87.5%) obtained the information about drug administration from professionals and 86.5% of the respondents were consult nonprofessionals to administer the drug to animals. Majority of the farmers (93.8%) practice deworming. 72.4% of the study participants were calculate the dose of the drug by guess based on age and the size of the animal and 28.8% were given over and under dose of the drug respectively. 15.8% and 4.9% were explained about the cause of over dose as severe diarrhea and death of the treated animal but most (77.9%) of the farmers responded as there were doubtful with under dose. 70.6% and 75.8% of the participants revealed that the challenges faced when they bought the drugs from public and private shops as the distance and the cost as major issue respectively. Therefore, continuous awareness creation works to the community, training on safe veterinary drug handling and drug administration and sustainable improvement of animal health service delivery through a well-regulated private service.

Introduction: Toxoplasma is a genus of intracellular parasites, which was observed in the many types of mammalians. Toxoplasma protozoa that were detected from many types of rats have the equal phenotypic characteristics but have different clinical symptoms and genotypes. Mostly, domestic animals and rodents are the hosts in the reservoirs in the environment. The objective of this article was to phylogenetic identification of toxoplasmosis in wild-rats of Golestan forest using secretory antigens type 1 gene. Materials and Methods: In this surveillance, the researchers gathered 286 wild rodents from Golestan forest and earned DNA from brain and heart tissues to prove SAG1 gene from these hosts. They split these rodents into four groups and then analyzed the positive samples by the Polymerase chain reaction basis. Results: In this surveillance, they discovered 24% of tissues of the wild-rats were infected for these protozoa. Over 55.8% of tissues belonged to Ratus ratus, 17.6% tissues belonged to Ratus norvegicus, 14.7% of tissues belonged to Mus musculus, 11.7% of tissues belonged to Rombumys opimus, also with attention of phylogenetic analysis, 50 infected rats belonged to genotype ΙΙΙ and 18 infected rats belonged to genotype ΙΙ. Conclusion and Discussion: Conclusion showed that different types of wild rats disseminated this type of infection; also SAG1 molecule was a very important molecule to detect toxoplasmosis in rats of Golestan area.