Molecular Biology: Open Access

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a vital organelle responsible for protein folding, lipid synthesis, and calcium homeostasis within the cell. Under conditions of cellular stress, such as nutrient overload or disturbances in calcium levels, the ER can become dysregulated, leading to a state known as endoplasmic reticulum stress. ER stress has been implicated in various metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. One key aspect of metabolic regulation affected by ER stress is adipogenesis, the process by which precursor cells differentiate into adipocytes. This article explores the mechanisms underlying ER stress, its role in adipogenesis, and its implications for metabolic health.

Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key mediators in intercellular communication and host-microbe interactions. In this article, we delve into the biogenesis and functions of bacterial EVs, with a focus on their implications in plant-microbe interactions. Understanding the roles of EVs in microbial communication and their influence on plant health holds significant potential for agricultural and environmental applications.

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pose significant challenges to global healthcare systems due to their debilitating nature and lack of effective treatments. Recent research has shed light on the intricate interplay between oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of these disorders. This article explores emerging insights into the roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegeneration, highlighting potential therapeutic targets and strategies for mitigating disease progression.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. While conventional treatments aim to manage symptoms and slow disease progression, interest is growing in alternative therapies, particularly those derived from natural sources. Microalgae, a diverse group of microscopic organisms, have gained attention for their potential therapeutic properties due to their rich nutritional profile and bioactive compounds. This article explores the clinical promise of microalgae in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, examining their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects, along with recent research findings and future prospects.