Molecular Biology: Open Access

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool to unravel the cellular diversity within tumor microenvironments. This study explores the application of scRNA-seq to characterize the heterogeneity of cancer and stromal cells in various tumor types. By profiling individual cells, we identified distinct cellular subpopulations, revealed their unique gene expression signatures, and uncovered dynamic interactions within the tumor microenvironment. Our findings provide insights into the complexity of tumor biology, highlighting potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for personalized cancer treatment.

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm) that play a crucial role in intercellular communication by transporting proteins, lipids, and RNA between cells. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying exosome biogenesis, focusing on the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT)-dependent and ESCRT-independent pathways. Additionally, we examine the roles exosomes play in physiological and pathological processes, including immune response, tumour progression, and neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the biogenesis and function of exosomes could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

Mitochondria are essential organelles responsible for energy production, regulation of cellular metabolism, and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Their function is intricately linked to aging and the development of age-related diseases. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial metabolism, emphasizing its role in aging and associated pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and metabolic syndromes. Understanding mitochondrial metabolism provides critical insights into the aging process and highlights potential therapeutic targets for mitigating age-related diseases.

CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized the field of genetic engineering with its precision and efficiency. This paper explores the application of CRISPRCas9 in cancer immunotherapy, focusing on its role in enhancing immune cell functions, targeting oncogenes, and overcoming resistance mechanisms. By modifying T cells and other immune components, CRISPR-Cas9 holds promise for developing more effective and personalized cancer treatments. We discuss recent advancements, potential challenges, and future directions in leveraging this technology for cancer immunotherapy.

Telomeres have always been an enigmatic structure since their discovery. The unravelling of new findings and changing concept of central dogma at telomeres have intrigued the telomere biologists further. Telomeres have been considered antennas for various environmental stress and detectors of cellular DNA damage. The translation of mammalian telomeres has further raised many questions about its involvement in maintaining the genomic integrity and have opened doors for new era of research in telomere biology and telomere-related diseases. Unravelling the mysteries of telomeric organization and its regulation will have widespread impact in various fields including cancer treatment, space exploration and aging disorders.