Malaria Control & Elimination

Mosquito-borne diseases represent a considerable public health burden worldwide, impacting millions of individuals annually. While traditional
methods like insecticides and physical barriers have shown efficacy in controlling mosquito populations, they often come with environmental and
health drawbacks. In recent times, there has been a surge in interest regarding biotechnological solutions, particularly harnessing the capabilities
of microorganisms, to tackle this challenge. This article delves into the biotechnological potential of microorganisms in controlling mosquito
populations and diminishing vector competence, thus playing a pivotal role in the prevention and management of mosquito-borne diseases.

Vivax malaria, caused by the Plasmodium vivax parasite, presents unique challenges due to its ability to form dormant liver stages, leading to
recurrent infections weeks or even months after the initial mosquito bite. This article reviews recent advancements in vivax malaria treatment
strategies, focusing on innovations targeting both the acute blood-stage infection and the dormant liver stages. Artemisinin-based Combination
Therapies (ACTs) remain effective against the blood-stage infection, although emerging drug resistance poses a threat. Primaquine is essential
for eliminating hypnozoites, but its use is complicated by the risk of hemolysis in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Recent innovations in G6PD deficiency testing have improved safety, while alternative therapies are being explored. Advancements in treatment
delivery, such as point-of-care diagnostics and mobile health technologies, enhance access, particularly in remote settings. Challenges persist,
including limited healthcare access, drug resistance, and the complex biology of P. vivax. Continued innovation and collaboration are essential to
overcome these challenges and improve treatment outcomes, ultimately advancing towards malaria elimination.