Cardiovascular Diseases & Diagnosis

Peter A. McCullough

Publications

• Review Article
  Cardiorenal Syndromes: Advances in Determining Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy
  Author(s): Peter A. McCullough, James A. Tumlin, Harold Szerlip, Krishnaswami Vijayaraghavan, Sathya Jyothinagaram, John F. Rausch Jr, Bhupinder Singh, Jun Zhang and Mikhail KosiborodPeter A. McCullough, James A. Tumlin, Harold Szerlip, Krishnaswami Vijayaraghavan, Sathya Jyothinagaram, John F. Rausch Jr, Bhupinder Singh, Jun Zhang and Mikhail Kosiborod
  
  The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) implies acute or chronic injury to the heart and kidneys that often involves a temporal sequence of disease initiation and progression. The classification of CRS is divided into five subtypes. Types 1 and 2 involve acute and chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) scenarios leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) or accelerated chronic kidney disease (CKD). Types 3 and 4, describe AKI and CKD, respectively, leading primarily to heart failure, although, it is possible that acute coronary syndromes, stroke, and arrhythmias could be CVD outcomes in these forms of CRS. Finally, CRS type 5 describes a systemic insult to both heart and the kidneys, such as sepsis, where both organs are injured simultaneously in persons with previously normal heart and kidney function at baseline. This manuscript will summarize key issues and future opportunities in challenging .. Read More»
  DOI: 10.4172/2329-9517.1000221

  Abstract PDF