Ariko John Namoit*, Josephat Cheboi Yegon and Michael Korir
Firm performance is one of the most important concepts of business strategy. Regardless of its importance and ubiquitous use, there is no consensus about its precise definition and dimensionality. This paper examined the mediating effect firm performance on the relationship between firms’ ownership structure and its disclosure of CSR activities. Firm performance was proxied by return on assets. Ownership structure dimensions are managerial, institutional, foreign and ownership concentration. The paper employed Barron and Kenny mediation procedure. The results showed that firm performance mediated positively the relationship between managerial, institutional and ownership concentration and the corporate social responsibility disclosure at coefficient’s 0.165, 0.025 and 0.024, respectively. Further, there was negative (-0.001) mediation effect on the relation between foreign ownership and the corporate social responsibility disclosure. The form of mediation was partial mediation. The positive relationship suggests that for a company to engage and disclose its CSR activities, performance plays a critical role. It confirms that firms with a better firm financial performance leads to better quality CSR reporting and that the older the companies compounded with stable financial performance the more aggressive they participate in the CSR activities. Firms need to utilize various risk management practices such as identification, analysis, monitoring and evaluations of the firm activities to enhance efficiency in firm performance and in return engage and disclose more on CSR issues. This may be achieved through establishment and implementation of risk identification, monitoring and evaluation policy framework which significantly influence firm performance and thereby enhances shareholder capabilities to identify, analyze and evaluate all risks that hinder the institutions from achieving its objectives.
Waqas Ali* and Nadia Shakoor
The study estimates the relationship between trade facilitation indicators and trade flow in Asian countries. It prioritizes the main trade facilitation determinants that need to be improved for the faster and more international trade flow. The study consists of Asian countries based on main trade facilitation variables such as tariffs, time to import/ export and cost to import/export, population, ICT. The study consist on secondary data and most of the data obtained from the World Bank doing business and economic development database and used 44 Asian countries in sample. In this study we have used fixed and random affect methodology for estimation and then uses Husman test to choose between fixed and random affect results. The obtained results shows the significant impact on imports and exports volume and it clarify that tariff and number of documents to import and export has negative affect on trade flow. A one percent change in tariff rates can affect the trade flow with 6% negatively. So for the cheaper and maximum trade flow, tariff must be brought to minimum level while the number of documents has much more affect than tariff as it shows one percent change in number of documents affects with 25% exports and 6% on imports flow negatively. That is why the number of documents should be reduced to the minimum level too. But for ICT, human capital and customs shows a positive relationship with trade flow. According to this study’s results it shows that 1% improvement in ICT can increase the imports and exports by 5%. The same way trade infrastructure is most important determinant of trade facilitation, It is because infrastructure includes both time and cost, the cheaper and faster trade flow become more beneficial for both of the trading partners. The results suggest 1% reduction in trade costs results in 20% increase in imports and 16% increase in exports. And 1% reduction in time can affect the imports with 8% and exports with 14%.
Emna Bensethom*
The aim of this paper is to study the potential effects of liberalization process and global financial crisis on conditional volatility. Our sample comprises three Asian emerging markets (Philippines, Korea and Indonesia) over the period from December 1987 to September 2014.Using the ST-GARCH models, our findings show several interesting facts. First, the ST-GARCH processes perform better than the linear GARCH models, since they take into consideration the regime changes in the conditional volatility. Moreover, these models are able to absorb the nonlinear dependence and the asymmetric effects detected on the residuals. Second, whatever the nonlinear model used (ST-GARCH models), financial liberalization has reduced the conditional volatility. By cons, the global financial crisis has increased the conditional variance of the Asian stock markets. Overall, our results confirm that Asian region cannot fully benefit from financial liberalization, because the negative effects of these crises (notably in terms of financial instability) can minimize the benefits of this process (integration).
Amedeo Xu*
Yagnes M Dalvadi
Budget summaries or Financial reports are formal records of the monetary exercises and position of a business, individual, or other substance. Pertinent monetary data is introduced in an organized way and in a structure which is straightforward. They regularly incorporate four fundamental budget summaries joined by an administration conversation and examination. The goal of fiscal summaries is to give data about the monetary position, execution and changes in monetary situation of an undertaking that is helpful to a wide scope of clients in settling on financial choices. Budget reports ought to be justifiable, pertinent, solid and tantamount. Detailed resources, liabilities, value, pay and costs are straightforwardly identified with an association's monetary position
Salvador Climent Serrano
A Financial framework is a framework that permits the trading of assets between monetary market members like banks, financial backers, and borrowers. Monetary frameworks work at public and worldwide levels. Financial Institutions comprise of complex, firmly related administrations, markets, and organizations proposed to give a productive and standard linkage among financial backers and investors. As such, monetary frameworks can be known any place there exists the trading of a monetary medium cash while there is a redistribution of assets into penniless territories monetary business sectors, business firms, banks to use the capability of ideal cash and spot it being used to receive benefits in return. This entire component is known as a monetary framework
Chien-Chiang Lee
Econometrics is the use of factual techniques to monetary information to give experimental substance to financial connections. All the more correctly, it is the quantitative examination of genuine financial wonders dependent on the simultaneous advancement of hypothesis and perception, related by fitting techniques for inference.An early on financial matters course reading portrays econometrics as permitting business analysts to filter through piles of information to separate basic relationships.The initially know utilization of the term econometrics in related structure was by Polish market analyst PaweÅ? Ciompa in 1910 Jan Tinbergen is considered by numerous individuals to be one of the establishing fathers of econometrics. Ragnar Frisch is credited with authoring the term in the sense in which today is utilized. An essential apparatus for econometrics is the different straight relapse model.Econometric hypothesis utilizes factual hypothesis and numerical measurements to assess and create econometric techniques
Rajender Kumar
Although accounting departments and marketing departments are separate and distinct, they must work together to monitor sales trends and to manage the effectiveness of marketing campaigns. When the two departments work collaboratively, sales trends are tracked, marketing campaigns are budgeted wisely, resources are allocated efficiently, and the business runs more smoothly.Accounting departments and marketing departments are connected in that an accounting department determines a business's financial condition, which in turn gives a marketing department a budget in which to operate. By keeping track of sales trends, accounting departments inform senior management as to whether the business can allocate more to marketing Every business has some type of accounting system that monitors the business's financial well-being.
Mahmoud Mourad
Business organization is the organization of a business undertaking. It incorporates all parts of administering and regulating business tasks. According to the perspective of the executives and initiative, it likewise covers handle that incorporate place of business organization, bookkeeping, account, planning, improvement, quality affirmation, information examination, deals, project the board, data innovation thexecutives, innovative work, and promoting. The organization of a business incorporates the presentation or the board of business tasks and dynamic, just as the productive association of individuals and different assets to coordinate exercises towards shared objectives and goals. In general,administration to the more extensive administration work, including the related money, faculty and MIS administrations. Organization can allude to the administrative or operational presentation of routine office undertakings, generally inside arranged and receptive as opposed to proactive.
Ajaz Ahmad Bhat*
This research study is going to highlight the analysis of the financial reports of Asian paints ltd. and Berger paints ltd. Companies for the purpose of this study the required data paper has been taken from the annual reports of the said companies from their portals as well as we have seen today in the business world companies should be competent via their goods and with a proper quality which can compete to the other products in the market and by their financial reports to present the strength and weakness of the company in order to ease for the public and their convenience to know about the companies structure, to fulfilling this research study we had analyze the annual reports of the companies with the help of ratio analysis like debt equity ratio, capitalization ratios, capital gearing ratio, solvency ratios etc. and made analysis and interpretation on based of the data given by the companies, percentile method is also applied for the betterment of the analysis.
Dugasa Rafisa Olana
The Micro and Small Scale Enterprises (MSEs) occupied a place of importance in the Ethiopian economy with a potential for job opportunities, growth and development. The aims of this study was to scrutinize the challenges and opportunity affecting the performance of MSEs with a special emphasizes on manufacturing ,trade and service sectors in Oromia Regional State, in case of Nekemte city. For the sake of achieving the objectives of this study, questionnaires were analyzed using statistical analysis such as descriptive and inferential analyses. The information collected through questionnaire from a sample of 133 operators and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 21 operators of MSEs. The respondent operators were selected using stratified sampling technique. Besides, the interview questions were analyzed using descriptive narrations through concurrent triangulation strategy. The findings reveal that the major challenges that hinder MSEs and their transformation towards Medium scale are the lack of working place, limited starting capital, marketing problems, infrastructures and politico-legal problems. In order to mitigate working place problems, stakeholders like the City Administration MSE office, trade and industry and the land administration should have a joint plan; more financial accesses shall be introduced; With the support of the community, Trade and Industry should seriously follow up the operation of MSEs; a fair competition and healthy market arrangement shall be established; the microfinance institutions should revisit its policy to ease the credit access and there should be a room to provide credit without group formation if the customer has an equivalent asset for collateral.
Yan Yuan
Hermann Frank
Felix Oberdorf
Mahmoud Mourad
Business is the action of making one's living or bringing in cash by delivering or purchasing and selling items (like products and services)[need citation to verify][3][4] Simply put, it is "any movement or undertaking went into for profit. Having a business name doesn't separate the business element from the proprietor, which implies that the proprietor of the business is capable and responsible for obligations caused by the business. On the off chance that the business procures obligations, the lenders can pursue the proprietor's very own belongings. A business structure doesn't take into account corporate assessment rates. The owner is by and by burdened on all pay from the business. The term is likewise regularly utilized informally (however not by legal counselors or by open authorities) to allude to an organization. An organization, then again, is a different lawful element and accommodates restricted obligation, just as corporate duty rates. An organization structure is more confounded and costly to set up, yet offers more security and advantages for the proprietor. Types of business proprietorship fluctuate by locale, however a few normal elements exist: Sole ownership: A sole ownership, otherwise called a sole merchant, is possessed by one individual and works for their advantage.
Ratish C Gupta
Corporate money manages the capital construction of an enterprise, including its financing and the moves that administration makes to expand the worth of the organization. Corporate money additionally incorporates the apparatuses and examination used to focus on and appropriate monetary assets. A definitive reason for corporate money is to amplify the worth of a business through arranging and execution of assets, while adjusting hazard and benefit. Contributing and capital planning incorporates arranging where to put the organization's drawn out capital resources to create the most noteworthy danger changed returns. This mostly comprises of choosing whether or not to seek after a speculation opportunity, and is cultivated through broad monetary examination. By utilizing monetary bookkeeping apparatuses, an organization recognizes capital uses, gauges incomes from proposed capital activities, contrasts arranged ventures and projected pay, and chooses which tasks to remember for the capital spending plan. Monetary displaying is utilized to gauge the financial effect of a venture opportunity and think about elective activities. An examiner will regularly utilize the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) related to Net Present Value (NPV) to analyze undertakings and pick the ideal one.
Omar Abdullah Nasseef
Request hypothesis is a rule that underlines the connection between shopper interest and the cost for labor and products inside a market. It can likewise be shown as the interest bend, which is downwards inclining in a level way, as the cost of the great abatements as amount increments. The other way around, where the cost of the great increments as the amount diminishes. Request is the amount of a decent or administration the purchaser will buy at explicit costs during a time span. The interest for a decent at a specific cost for the most part mirrors the buyer's readiness to pay and assumption for devouring that item. The merchandise surely range in cost, from necessities to extravagances. For instance, in regards to necessities, individuals need food, medical services, clothing, diversion, safe house, and water across all government aides. The cost of the products will in general be genuinely reasonable for most people. While, planner sacks, for instance, will in general be estimated at a higher cost than normal, as such products are viewed as needs and are not needed to keep on carrying on with a solid life.
Mohammad Q. Al-Shboul
The National Bureau's Business Cycle Dating Committee keeps a sequence of US business cycles. The order distinguishes the dates of pinnacles and box that outline monetary downturns and developments. A downturn is the period between a pinnacle of monetary action and its resulting box, or absolute bottom. Among box and pinnacle, the economy is in a development. Development is the typical condition of the economy; most downturns are brief. Nonetheless, the time that it takes for the economy to get back to its past top degree of action or its past pattern way might be very broadened. As indicated by the NBER order, the latest pinnacle happened in February 2020, finishing a record-long extension that started after the box in June 2009. The NBER's customary definition underscores that a downturn includes a huge decrease in financial action that is spread across the economy and endures in excess of a couple of months. In our cutting edge translation of this definition, we treat the three measures profundity, dissemination, and span —as essentially to some degree tradable.
Rajendar Kumar
There are some limited scale fabricating business thoughts that would you be able to can change over into an economical and productive business. There's a business opportunity for you whether you're dispatching an assembling business that makes shoes, hairpieces or makeup. In the event that you love to heat and make new and intriguing eatable treats, this could be the assembling business for you. On the off chance that you can't stand to open a perpetual area at this time, you can dispatch your business on the web and begin conveying to your clients. Bolton Footwear in the 1990's centered its exercises around footwear to think and grow that bit of the business. They are presently one of South Africa's first footwear organizations, zeroing in on characterized market specialties, seriously estimated and produced from top notch materials. Businesses are essential for the auxiliary movement. Optional exercises or assembling changes over crude material into results of more worth to individuals. Industry alludes to financial exercises worried about the creation of products, extraction of administrations and arrangement or administrations. Iron and steel ventures have their firm hold in nations like Germany, USA, China, Japan, and Russia. While material ventures are thriving in India, Hong Kong, and South Korea.
Badar Alam Iqbal
Business advertising is the entirety of all showcasing exercises that works with of advancing and selling labor and products by one business association to another business association. It for the most part includes the stockpile and acquisition of crude materials for the assembling of merchandise or administration. Business promoting is best finished with the assistance of salespeople as the necessities shift from one customer to another which ought to be adjusted in a redid way. Business promoting is somewhat less convoluted as it is not difficult to distinguish the customer and set up a meeting with them. Profoundly proficient and prepared individuals are engaged with the acquisition of modern merchandise.
Yagnesh M Dalvadi
Private venture is the legend of current free enterprise. Proprietors of little firms are the temperate strivers, the work makers and the fearless business people who drive the economy. 'Private ventures make a gigantic commitment to public flourishing and supporting Australian positions,' expresses the Labor Party in Australia.
David G McMillan
Limited scope ventures are among the main businesses in India as the vast majority of the enterprises are of a limited scale nature and henceforth a colossal lump of India's pay is gotten from limited scope enterprises. Further, limited scope ventures are practicable and huge as in a great many people can't put away enormous measures of cash in case they will begin a business.
Mosad Zineldin
Everybody is unique and individuals are not the same. This is likewise the motivation behind why there are such a quantities of job required for every person in the association, family, society, and so forth The idea of variety envelops the acknowledgment and regard which implies the agreement that every individual is are special and perceiving our individual contrasts.
Jeffrey Jarrett
In this cutting edge business world, the climate is profoundly aggressive. The organizations are a lot of willing to assume a pinnacle position on the planet market. The idea of the opposition and the business is exceptionally powerful. Each business is currently making a decent attempt to stay up with the powerful idea of the business climate.
Step by step, governments accepted an administrative job. They determined legitimate delicate, characterizing the kind of installment that lawfully released an obligation when presented to the bank and that could be utilized to settle charges. Governments likewise set the weight and metallic sythesis of coins. Later they supplanted guardian paper cash—vows to pay in gold or silver— with fiat paper cash—that is, noticed that are given on the "fiat" of the sovereign government, are determined to be such countless dollars, pounds, or yen, and so on, and are legitimate delicate however are not vows to pay something different.
DOI: 10.37421/ 2167-0234.2022.11.433
DOI: 10.37421/ 2167-0234.2022.11.434
Utilizing a company's net assets effectively is the subject of cash flow management. When it comes to financial management, tactical cash flow planning is an essential task carried out to make the most of the resources at hand and, when necessary, to reduce financial costs brought on by the need for third-party resources. Companies pay close attention to cash surpluses and deficits because they have the option of investing their funds in marketable securities or, in the case of a cash deficit, borrowing money. The rules for controlling the cash balance should also be established as part of the management of a number of time-structured aspects, such as seasonality impacts and particular payments, among others.
DOI: 10.37421/ 2167-0234.2022.11.435
We are accustomed to thinking about accounting1 as the "language of business" and using it as our lens to observe and assess the success of businesses. Accounting's most basic definition is the expression of events, transactions, or physical flows in a financial form. Such information is gathered, categorised, compiled, and reported in order to depict financial performance. As a result, accounting replaces other acceptable formats or methods of conveying performance and frequently becomes the dominating notion through which corporate performance is regarded for a discussion of interactions between accounting and other forms of organisational knowledge). Therefore, at its most fundamental level, accounting is a technical discipline.
DOI: 10.37421/ 2167-0234.2022.11.436
The stylised reality that women typically have lesser financial literacy than males is the subject of this study. According to our data, which is drawn from a sample of Bangkok's middle class, there is no gender pay disparity among individuals who make at least the minimum wage. Men's lack of financial awareness or women's higher income and better education cannot account for this outcome. Instead, national variables, such as Thailand's minimal gender differences in secondary school attendance and mathematics proficiency among students and women's prominent engagement in financial issues, may influence gender equality in the financial sector.
Journal of Business & Financial Affairs received 1726 citations as per Google Scholar report
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