David I Smith
The present study was undertaken to develop Vitamin D and Calcium rich products using different cooking techniques. Products were prepared using Sundried Mushroom Powder; Ragi Flour, The development of technologies to sequence millions and ultimately billions of individual DNA molecules simultaneously has been called next generation sequencing (NGS). A much better term, however, would be to call it what it is, which is massively parallel sequencing (MPS). The advances in MPS have been phenomenal and in the past 13 years the output on MPS platforms has increased from 20 megabases per run to now over 7 terrabases. First generation MPS is based upon the amplification of individual molecules prior to sequence interrogation. The output and accuracy of these platforms has been outstanding, at the sacrifice that only short DNA molecules could be analyzed. Second generation MPS is based upon sequencing individual molecules which is now capable of analyzing molecules that are hundreds of thousands of base pairs long. However, this comes at the sacrifice of output and sequence accuracy. With both first and generation MPS platforms it is now possible to sequence entire genomes, exomes, targeted genomic regions, and even genome-wide methylation. In my talk I will summarize the history of different MPS platforms and then discuss where we are today and where we should be in the next few years. MPS technologies have the capability of changing how we both look at genomes and ourselves.
Jason Ding
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DNA repair is a critical process to maintain DNA integrity. It is conducted by distinct pathways of genes, many of whose alterations are thought to result in genomic instability and hypermutability, ultimately contributing to tumorigenesis. Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB) and Microsatellite Instability (MSI) are considered as immunotherapy efficacy biomarkers. However, there has been little characterization of the association between DNA repair genes and TMB/MSI in cancer.
We systematically analyzed 282 DNA repair genes involved in 20 DNA repair pathways. These genes were evaluated for mutations based on 274 sequenced tumor samples from the TCGA database. The functional impacts of these mutations were analyzed, and only damaging mutations were used for the subsequent analysis. The most frequently mutated genes were identified. The association between the damaging mutations and TMB/MSI status was calculated for each gene, and the significant genes were subject to further pathway enrichment analysis. We also compared the gene expression between TMB high and low as well as between MSI-H and MSI-L/MSS for each gene based on their RNAseq data. The potential associations with TMB/MSI high phenotypes were evaluated. 10 genes, including POLE, were identified that are significantly mutated in TMB high samples as compared to MSI-H samples. Loss of function of these genes may result in an ultra-mutated phenotype. Contradicting the notion that POLE mutation is predominantly associated with MSS tumors and are mutually exclusive with the complete loss of MMR, we found about half of POLE-mutant samples (8/16) were MSI high, five of which had MMR mutations.
Khushnooda Ramzan
Hearing loss is one of the most common sensory disorders in humans with both genetic and environmental etiologies. Genetic causes of hearing loss are extremely heterogeneous; more than 100 genomic loci for hearing loss have been mapped so far. Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common cause of combined blindness and deafness inherited in an autosomal recessive mode. Molecular diagnosis is of great significance in revealing the molecular pathogenesis and aiding the clinical diagnosis of this disease. Our study aims to comprehensively delineate the genetic basis of hearing loss in the individuals of Saudi Arabian origin.
The identification of the causative gene in affected families with hearing loss is difficult due to extreme genetic heterogeneity and lack of phenotypic variability. Consanguineous families are a powerful resource for genetic linkage studies/homozygosity mapping for recessively inherited hearing impairment. Homozygosity mapping, linkage analysis and next generation sequencing Deafness Gene-panel and Whole Exome sequencing were conducted. Using the combined approaches, so far mutations in 32 different deafness genes have been identified in 300 familial/sporadic cases, including novel variants in known HL genes and novel genes.
Using these innovative molecular approaches, we were able to document the most common forms of hereditary hearing loss, their incidence and distribution in the Saudi population. The overall results of this study are highly suggestive that the underlying molecular basis of hearing loss in Saudi Arabia is very genetically heterogeneous. The benefit of this study will hopefully provide the foundation for knowledge and awareness through screening of carrier status and genetic counselling, thereby having a major impact upon early intervention for and prevention of hereditary hearing loss.
Sergey Suchkov
A new systems approach to diseased states and wellness result in a new branch in the healthcare services, namely, personalized and precision medicine (PPM). To achieve the implementation of PPM concept, it is necessary to create a fundamentally new strategy based upon the recognition of biomarkers and thus the targets to secure the grand future of drug design and drug discovery.
Each decision-maker values the impact of their decision to use PPM on their own budget and well-being, which may not necessarily be optimal for society as a whole. It would be extremely useful to integrate data harvesting from different databanks for applications such as prediction and personalization of further treatment to thus provide more tailored measures for the patients resulting in improved patient outcomes, reduced adverse events, and more cost effective use of the latest health care resources including diagnostic (companion ones), preventive and therapeutic (targeted molecular and cellular) etc.
PPM, genomics and AI are those of the most rapidly emerging areas of biomedical research and the most promising technologies for improving health care and health outcomes. Examples include the use of AI for improved DNA sequencing and SNP analysis to target specific cell and tissue types, biosensors for specific molecules in vivo, and point-of-care molecular diagnostic devices enabled by genomics- and AI tools.
The enormous development of genomics research has raised great expectations concerning its impact on PPM aiming to customize medical practice with a focus on the individual, based on the use of genetic tests, identification of genomic biomarkers, and development of targeted drugs. Personal genomics is an area of genomics focusing specifically on the sequencing and analysis of one person’s genome, and then giving them their genomic information.
The emphasis on individuals and genomic knowledge needs to be counterbalanced with the subjects’ understanding in their sociocultural, political, and economic contexts and with the equivalent investment in actions on the social determinants of health. The above-mentioned areas being an integral part of PPM is really an interdisciplinary research field that results from the application of the innovative genomic and AI tools to medicine and has the potential to significantly improve some canonical treatments, prevention, prophylaxis and
rehabilitation. Specifically, in the field of PPM, it is expected to have a great impact in the near future due to its multiple advantages, namely its versatility to adapt a drug to cohorts of patients and/or persons-at-risk. For instance, multimodal genomic and AI-driven approaches may indeed become a key driver in harmonizing the needs of the various stakeholders by allowing cost-effective delivery and monitoring of drug efficiency and safety, and close-meshed high-quality data collection.
Personal genomics can be used to advise couples wanting to have children. By knowing the risk of passing on a genetic disorder to their child, they may decide to investigate other ways of having a baby, such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
Meanwhile, personalized genomic medicine and surgery (PGMS) represents a new approach to health care that customizes patients’ medical treatment according to their own genetic information. This new approach is the result of increased knowledge of the human genome and ways this information can be applied by physicians in the medical and surgical management of their patients.
Currently, personal genome sequencing and testing is a relatively niche market with a number of services available over the internet. However, the commercialization of personal genome sequencing is set to grow and, in future, it could become a routine part of clinical practice.
Genomic research and thus the market offer clinicians new techniques for risk assessment and disease classification. However, the scope of this new testing paradigm remains to be determined. Genetic tests should be seen as the latest set of tools to assist clinicians and patients in the decision-making process. Some genetic tests will undoubtedly play an important role in identifying individuals with high risks for preventable disease, or in refining clinical diagnoses. Irrespective of the number of genetic tests that prove clinically useful, genomic research will continue to provide essential new information about how and why diseases occur.
The promise of PPM is well understood and exists at the convergence of genomic sequencing, biomarker research, and big data analysis. One of the big challenges to bringing more lifesaving PPM-based treat treatments to patients is that the vast networks of hospitals, foundations, and other organizations working toward new treatments and cures lack consensus on how to pursue their common goal.
As a consequence, duplicative efforts and inefficiencies proliferate in this network. It will take a business mindset to overcome these obstacles.
By virtue of treating each person's condition as unique, personal genomics and PPM require health professionals to understand the nature of the data, its health implications, and its limitations. But the public understanding of the scope and impact of genetic variation has not kept up with the pace of the science or technology. We examine several venues for information, including print and online guides for both lay and health-oriented audiences, and summarize selected resources in multiple formats. We also stress that implementation of PPM thus requires a lot before the current model “physician-patient” could be gradually displaced by a new model “medical advisor-healthy person-at-risk”. This is the reason for developing global scientific, clinical, social, and educational projects in the area of PPM to elicit the content of the new branch. In short, PPM will transform the way doctor’s practice and will shake up the entire pharmaceutical value chain.
Sholpan Tursunova
A comparative study of the degree of influence of a drug being developed on microbial and eukaryotic cells is one of the important stages in the drug development.
This study examined the selective effect of a novel drug FS-1 on bacterial cells in the presence of eukaryotic cells.
The drug FS-1 is a nanocomplex of iodine and lithium and magnesium halides with dextrin and polypeptides, the molecular weight of dextrin enables penetration of active centers of the FS-1 molecule into the cells. Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 was used as a model system.
Data were obtained that indicate the effect of FS-1 predominantly on bacterial cells.Simranjot Bawa
Cell growth and/or proliferation may require the reprogramming of metabolic pathways, whereby a switch from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism diverts glycolytic intermediates towards anabolic pathways. Herein, we identify a novel role for TRIM32 in the maintenance of glycolytic flux mediated by biochemical interactions with the glycolytic enzymes Aldolase and Phosphoglycerate mutase. Loss of Drosophila TRIM32, encoded by thin (tn), shows reduced levels of glycolytic intermediates and amino acids. This altered metabolic profile correlates with a reduction in the size of glycolytic larval muscle and brain tissue. Consistent with a role for metabolic intermediates in glycolysis-driven biomass production, dietary amino acid supplementation in tn mutants improves muscle mass. Remarkably, TRIM32 is also required for ectopic growth - loss of TRIM32 in a wing disc-associated tumor model reduces glycolytic metabolism and restricts growth. Overall, our results reveal a novel role for TRIM32 for controlling glycolysis in the context of both normal development and tumor growth.
Tal Thomas Sadeh
Cav1.4 is a retina-specific voltage-dependent Ca2+-channel that plays a regulatory role in sensory neurotransmission. Mutations in CACNA1F, encoding the conductive α1F subunit of Cav1.4, cause distinct eye dystrophies, including congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), cone-rod dystrophy, and Åland eye disease. CANCA1F mutations detected in CSNB patients may be casual for the disease, however, the lack of functional validation prevents the provision of a diagnosis, and therefore, novel therapeutic targets. We have devised a protein-specific model that can predict the pathogenicity of these mutations that needs functional validation.
Membrane proteins like Cav1.4 are translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, within Golgi vesicles. However, missense mutations may cause protein misfolding events that can reduce the level of expression, mislocalisation, and decrease the function. The misfolding of mutant proteins can be rescued by small molecules, such as chemical chaperones that stabilise protein folds and reduce non-native interactions, or proteostasis regulators that enhance protein folding and trafficking. Both classes of molecules can protect mutant proteins from degradation.
This suggests that small molecules have great potential as a valuable therapeutic approach for treating retinal, and other, protein misfolding diseases. I will use CSNB as an exemplar of this in this project to test the pathogenicity of novel CSNB variants of unknown significance identified in Manchester Centre for Genetic Medicine NHS diagnostic laboratory. These variants will validate our inhouse prediction tool and test the effect of small molecules on protein expression, localisation, and function.
Tim David
Parasitism is an extremely effective life strategy and a driving factor in genetic diversity that has developed several times. Infections of unintended hosts provide a chance for lateral host changes and parasite niche expansion. However, if directed toward creatures that are phylogenetically far from the parasite's native host, such as humans, it may create a deadend environment in which the parasite fails to grow or is destroyed by host immunity. One example is worms of the Anisakidae family, genus Anisakis, which have lost the capacity to replicate in terrestrial hosts but may live in humans for a brief period, producing anisakiasis. To investigate Anisakis' ability to infect an evolutionary distant host, we performed transcriptome profiling on larvae successfully migrating through the rat, a classic model of accidental human infection, and compared it to that of larvae infecting an evolutionary familiar, paratenic host (fish).
Tim David
Genetic diseases are becoming more widely recognised in paediatrics. Close to 10% of diseases in hospitalised children have been linked to Mendelian traits inherited as single gene defects, which is not surprising given that approximately 1000 inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) have been discovered to date, primarily through the detection of abnormally accumulated endogenous metabolites in biological fluids and tissues. Clinical biochemical genetics is a laboratory discipline that deals with the evaluation and diagnosis of patients and families with inherited metabolic disease, as well as the monitoring of treatment and the differentiation of heterozygous carriers from non-carriers using metabolite and enzymic analysis of physiological fluids and tissues. The biochemical genetics lab is not the same as the clinical chemistry lab.
Tim David
It has long been an aim to attain desired mechanical characteristics in alloys by controlling phase formation, particularly in intricate multi-phase alloys. In fact, the composition of the liquid influences the nucleation of competing crystalline phases during solidification. We use ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD) to disclose the liquid structure of Mg-Al-Ca alloys and investigate its influence on the change of Ca-containing Laves phase from Al2Ca to Mg2Ca when the Ca/Al ratio (rCa/Al) increases. In terms of the local arranging environment and polyhedra connection schemes, there is structural similarity between the liquid and crystalline phases. As shown by the topological and chemical short-range order arising from liquid, the forming signature of Mg2Ca ascends monotonically with increasing rCa/Al. However, at the crossover of rCa/Al = 0.74, the Al2Ca crystal-like order increases at first and subsequently decreases, according to the observed composition of the phase transition from Al2Ca to Mg2Ca. The tight packing of atomic configurations and preferential bonding of chemical species in both liquid and solid are the origins of phase change across various compositions.
Tim David
Double aneuploidy is prevalent, especially in conceived products, and is commonly caused by the combination of a sex chromosome and an acrocentric chromosome. Only five examples of double autosomal trisomy have been recorded. Only three occurrences of double aneuploidy mosaicism involving two separate cell lines have been recorded. A fourth occurrence of double aneuploidy mosaicism on a newborn is reported. A preliminary 24-hour chromosomal study at delivery revealed a mosaic karyotype, 47,XX,+18[15]/47,XX,+21[8]/48,XX,+21,+mar[7]. Reflex testing to SNP microarray with the same material obtained at birth revealed chromosome 18 increase of 77.9 Mb and chromosomal 21 gain of 32.5 Mb. The microarray revealed no further copy number alterations, implying that the marker chromosome does not contain any euchromatic material. At one year of life, a repeat chromosome analysis revealed a mosaic karyotype, 47,XX,+18[76]/47,XX,+21[4], with loss of the marker cell line. Double aneuploidy is prevalent, particularly in conceived products, and typically involves a sex chromosome and an acrocentric chromosome.
Tim David
Reprogenetics is a subset of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, which is a well-established medical practise (PGD). PGD (prenatal diagnosis, or testing of foetal tissue for the presence of disease genes) allows couples at risk of transmitting a genetic disease to ensure that their future children are unaffected by the disease without having to go through the difficult process of prenatal diagnosis (i.e., testing of foetal tissue for the presence of disease genes) and having to make the difficult decision of terminating the pregnancy. PGD is taking a single cell from an eight-cell embryo (produced through in vitro fertilisation) and testing its DNA for the presence of one or more disease-associated genetic changes. The mother's uterus is then only implanted with embryos that do not have the illness mutation. PGD was originally utilised in clinical treatment in the early 1990s to determine the sex of embryos in order to reduce the risk of passing on fatal sex-linked illness genes to offspring. If there is a family history of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), for example, parents may choose to have their embryos screened to distinguish between female and male embryos before implanting solely the female embryos.
Safa A. Mohammed Ali, M. K. A. Ahmed, M. Reissmann and G. A. Brockmann
The objective of the study was the characterization of DGAT1 variant in Sudanese dairy cattle breeds. In this study, we examined 94 Kenana and 91 Butana dairy cattle from two regions of Sudan. We genotyped the DGAT1 sequence variant AJ318490.1:g.10433/10434 AA>GC that leads to the Lysine-Alanine substitution at position 232 (K232A) in the protein. Genotyping was performed by allele specific PCR (KASP assay methods). In both breeds, the DGAT1 Lysine variant (232KA) that is associated with high fat and protein content as well as high fat yield in other breeds is the high frequent allele. The frequencies of the 232K allele were 96.3% and 84.6% in Kenana and Butana breeds, respectively. In conclusion, the two examined Sudanese dairy cattle breeds do not differ in allele frequencies at the DGAT1 loci.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-0436.2023.14.210
DOI: 10.37421/2161-0436.2023.14.211
Garcia Salem*
The realm of embryonic research has witnessed remarkable advancements over the past few decades, driven by both technological innovations and an evolving understanding of developmental biology. These advancements have profound implications for medicine, particularly in regenerative medicine, reproductive health, and genetic engineering. However, the ethical considerations surrounding embryonic research continue to ignite heated debates. This review aims to explore the latest developments in embryonic research, their potential medical applications, and the ethical challenges they pose
Donnez Gulekli*
Correlative embryology is an emerging field that integrates classical developmental biology with modern genetic techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of embryonic development. This review explores the principles of correlative embryology, highlighting its significance in bridging traditional embryological observations with genetic insights. By examining various methodologies, recent advancements, and case studies, this article aims to elucidate how correlative approaches can enhance our understanding of developmental processes and their implications in health and disease. Embryology, the study of the formation and development of embryos, has long been a cornerstone of biological sciences. Traditionally, embryologists have relied on morphological observations to describe developmental processes. However, the advent of molecular biology and genetic technologies has revolutionized the field, providing new tools to investigate the mechanisms underlying development. Correlative embryology represents a synthesis of these approaches, allowing researchers to connect morphological data with genetic information
Flamingo Nexon*
Amniotic fluid plays a crucial role in fetal development and offers a unique window into the prenatal environment. The composition of this fluid is complex, comprising various biochemical substances, cells and signaling molecules that reflect the health and condition of the fetus. Recent advances in analytical techniques have enhanced our understanding of the composition of amniotic fluid, leading to new insights into its implications for prenatal diagnostics. This review article explores the components of amniotic fluid, the methodologies employed in its analysis, and the potential applications in prenatal diagnosis, including genetic screening, infection detection, and assessment of fetal well- being. As prenatal diagnostic techniques evolve, the analysis of amniotic fluid has gained prominence. Traditionally, amniocentesis has been the primary method for obtaining amniotic fluid for diagnostic purposes, allowing for the assessment of chromosomal abnormalities and certain genetic disorders. However, advancements in technology have expanded the scope of prenatal diagnostics, enabling more detailed analysis of the biochemical and molecular constituents of amniotic fluid.
Menina Norka*
Fetal development is a remarkable journey that begins at conception and culminates in the birth of a new human being. This process involves complex biological changes and a finely-tuned interplay of genetics and environment, all of which contribute to the development of a fully formed newborn. Understanding this journey not only sheds light on human biology but also emphasizes the importance of prenatal care and maternal health. This article reviews the stages of fetal development, highlights key milestones, and discusses factors that can influence this critical period. The journey of fetal development is often categorized into three main trimesters, each marked by significant milestones. From the moment a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote undergoes rapid divisions and transformations, eventually becoming a fully developed fetus.
Fleixo Neomi*
Genetic counseling is an essential service that bridges the gap between genetics and healthcare, providing individuals and families with information about genetic disorders and implications for family planning. With advancements in genomics, the importance of genetic counseling has grown significantly, offering insights into disease risk, inheritance patterns, and informed reproductive choices. This review article explores the significance of genetic counseling, the processes involved, its role in managing genetic disorders, and its implications for family planning.
Bernard Polak*
Genetic disorders, caused by anomalies in genes or chromosomes, have profound implications for individuals and families. The landscape of diagnosis and treatment for these conditions has dramatically evolved over the past few decades, driven by advancements in molecular genetics, genomics, and biotechnology. This review discusses recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders, highlighting key technologies, methodologies, and therapeutic strategies that have emerged.Genetic disorders can be broadly categorized into three types: single-gene disorders, chromosomal disorders, and multifactorial disorders. Single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia, are caused by mutations in a single gene. Chromosomal disorders, such as Down syndrome, result from abnormalities in chromosome number or structure. Multifactorial disorders, including conditions like diabetes and heart disease, arise from the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that genetic disorders affect approximately 1 in 10 individuals globally, making it crucial to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Jamilo Fransis*
Embryonic development is a complex and finely tuned process involving a series of tightly regulated events that transform a single fertilized egg into a fully formed organism. Central to these processes are cell signaling pathways, which mediate communication between cells and coordinate their behaviors during development. This review article aims to elucidate the mechanisms of cell signaling involved in embryonic development and explore the implications of these signaling pathways for understanding developmental biology, congenital disorders, and potential therapeutic interventions.
Jumina Relio*
Polygenic traits are characteristics influenced by multiple genes, often exhibiting complex inheritance patterns. This review explores the mechanisms underlying polygenic traits, their genetic architecture, methodologies for studying them, and the implications for health and disease. By synthesizing current research, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how polygenic traits contribute to phenotypic variation and the challenges involved in their analysis. Polygenic traits, such as height, skin color, and susceptibility to diseases like diabetes and heart disease, are shaped by the interplay of numerous genetic factors. Unlike Mendelian traits, which are influenced by single genes, polygenic traits involve the cumulative effect of variations across many loci. This complexity poses significant challenges in genetic research, making the unraveling of polygenic traits a crucial endeavor in the fields of genetics, genomics, and medicine.
Human Genetics & Embryology received 309 citations as per Google Scholar report
