Hacker Hanna
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with a five-year survival rate that continues to be dismally low despite advances in medical research and treatment modalities. This is largely due to its aggressive nature, late-stage diagnosis, and resistance to conventional therapies. The complexity of pancreatic cancer lies in its unique tumor microenvironment, which fosters immune evasion and promotes tumor progression. Recent research has turned its focus toward targeting the tumor immune milieu and molecular pathways as a promising strategy to improve patient outcomes. This approach aims to dismantle the intricate network of immune suppressive cells and signaling cascades that contribute to treatment resistance and tumor growth. The Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) in pancreatic cancer is characterized by an abundance of immunosuppressive cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs), Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs), and Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs). These cellular components work in concert to inhibit cytotoxic T cell responses, thereby creating a permissive environment for tumor growth. One of the major challenges in pancreatic cancer immunotherapy is the exclusion of effector T cells from the tumor site, which limits the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that have shown success in other malignancies.
Haibo Bing
Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) have emerged as powerful tools in cancer management, offering a minimally invasive approach for tumor detection and treatment. These techniques rely on the use of Photosensitizers (PS) that, upon activation by specific wavelengths of light, generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) capable of inducing selective tumor cell destruction. The effectiveness of PDD and PDT is largely dependent on the choice of molecular targets and bioconjugation strategies, which enhance the specificity, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of the photosensitizers. One of the primary challenges in photodynamic therapy is achieving selective accumulation of the photosensitizer in malignant tissues while minimizing damage to healthy cells. To address this, emerging molecular targets have been identified based on tumor-specific biomarkers, overexpressed receptors, and the unique tumor microenvironment. Cell surface receptors such as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Folate Receptor (FR), and integrins have been widely studied for their role in tumor proliferation and are now being exploited for targeted PS delivery.
Jeffery Won
Bispecific antibody-based immune-cell engagers have emerged as a groundbreaking approach in cancer immunotherapy, offering a novel means to harness the body's immune system to selectively target and eliminate cancer cells. These engineered antibodies possess the ability to bind two different antigens simultaneously, facilitating interactions between immune effector cells and tumor cells to enhance antitumor activity. The development of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) has led to a new class of immunotherapeutics that bridge T cells or Natural Killer (NK) cells with cancer cells, thereby promoting targeted immune responses and reducing off-target effects associated with traditional therapies. One of the primary mechanisms by which bispecific antibodies function is through T cell redirection. These agents are designed to engage CD3, a key component of the T cell receptor complex, on one arm, while the other arm binds to a Tumor-Associated Antigen (TAA) expressed on cancer cells.
Ruppé Matt
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal primary brain tumor, characterized by rapid progression, resistance to therapy, and poor survival outcomes. Despite advances in surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, the median survival of GBM patients remains limited to approximately 12–15 months post-diagnosis. Recent research has focused on molecular biomarkers that influence tumor progression and patient prognosis. One such biomarker is RAD51, a crucial protein involved in Homologous Recombination (HR) repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Studies indicate that elevated RAD51 expression is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and therapy resistance, leading to poorer survival outcomes in GBM patients. RAD51 plays an essential role in maintaining genomic stability by facilitating the error-free repair of DNA damage. It is a key component of the HR repair pathway, allowing cells to recover from DNA damage that would otherwise result in cell death.
Vlasova Hill
Minicircle DNA vaccines have emerged as a promising platform for the rapid and efficient production of immunogenic antigens, particularly in response to emerging infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. Unlike conventional plasmid DNA vaccines, minicircle DNA vaccines lack bacterial sequences, thereby enhancing transgene expression, improving immunogenicity, and reducing potential inflammatory responses. The optimization of minicircle DNA vaccine production expressing the Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of SARSCoV- 2 is crucial for developing effective and scalable immunization strategies against COVID-19. The production of minicircle DNA vaccines involves a two-stage process that includes the initial propagation of parental plasmids in bacterial cultures followed by an in vivo recombination step to remove bacterial backbone sequences. This process results in a purified minicircle DNA construct that contains only the gene of interest and necessary regulatory elements, enhancing the efficiency of gene expression in host cells.
Louis Erin
Plant-based vaccines have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional vaccine production methods, leveraging the advantages of plant expression systems for antigen design, diversity, and large-scale production. Unlike conventional vaccines produced in microbial, insect, or mammalian cell cultures, plant-based systems offer scalability, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced safety due to their inability to harbor human pathogens. The use of genetically modified plants for vaccine production has led to innovative approaches in antigen engineering, allowing for the development of highly immunogenic and stable vaccine candidates. Antigen design is a crucial aspect of plant-based vaccine development, as the effectiveness of the vaccine depends on the ability of the expressed antigen to elicit a strong and protective immune response. Various strategies have been employed to optimize antigen expression in plants, including codon optimization, fusion to carrier proteins, and targeting to specific cellular compartments such as the endoplasmic reticulum or chloroplasts. The use of viral or bacterial signal peptides has been shown to enhance protein folding and stability, improving antigen yield and bioavailability.
Evan Clark
Snakebite envenoming remains a significant global health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where venomous snake species are prevalent. Current treatment relies heavily on antivenom therapy derived from immunized animals; however, this approach presents several challenges, including the risk of adverse immune reactions, limited efficacy against specific toxins, and difficulties in large-scale production. In recent years, the development of single-stranded DNA aptamers targeting snake venom toxins has emerged as a promising alternative therapeutic strategy. Aptamers, short single-stranded oligonucleotides, can be engineered to bind with high specificity and affinity to target molecules, making them an attractive option for neutralizing venom components. The selection of aptamers against snake venom toxins is typically achieved using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) process.
Alex Cheng
The Green Revolution marked a transformative era in agriculture, introducing high-yield crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, and advanced irrigation techniques that significantly increased global food production. This period, spanning the mid-20th century, played a critical role in alleviating hunger and improving food security. However, the rapid intensification of agriculture also led to environmental concerns such as soil degradation, water depletion, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. As the global population continues to grow, reaching an estimated 9.7 billion by 2050, the demand for sustainable food production has become more urgent than ever. This necessity has driven the transition from the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution, where genetic advancements and biotechnological innovations are reshaping the future of agriculture. Genetic engineering and biotechnology have opened new possibilities for enhancing crop yield, nutritional quality, and resistance to environmental stresses.
Rehman Abdul
Sphingosine-1-phosphate [S1P] is a potent bioactive sphingolipid molecule. In response to a stimulus, S1P is produced intracellularly by the action of two sphingosine kinases, and then it is exported to the extracellular environment or acts as an intracellular second messenger. S1P binds to its cognate G-protein coupled receptors, which are known as S1P receptors. There are five S1P receptors that have been identified in vertebrates. By activating S1P receptors, S1P controls a variety of physiological and pathological processes including cell migration, angiogenesis, vascular maturation, inflammation, and invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance in cancer. S1P has emerged as a critical regulator of leukocyte migration and plays a central role in lymphocyte egress from the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs. In the current review article, we summarize the current understanding of the emigration of lymphocytes and other leukocytes from bone marrow, thymus and secondary lymphoid organs to the circulation, as well as the clinical implications of modulating the activity of the major S1P receptor, S1PR1. Sphingosine-1-phosphate [S1P] is a sphingolipid metabolite and a potent signalling molecule that regulates diverse cellular processes including cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and migration. Intense research by many groups has provided a comprehensive understanding of the role of S1P signalling in diverse physiological processes. These include but are not limited to metazoan and mammalian development, reproduction, angiogenesis, vascular maturation
DOI: 10.37421/ 2684-6039.2022.6.117
Journal of Genetics and DNA Research received 3 citations as per Google Scholar report
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