Halit Yucel and Ferudun Kocer*
DOI: DOI: 10.37421/2684-4931.2022.6.124
In this study of Orpinomyces sp. and Neocallimastix sp., it was aimed to determine the in-vitro optimum conditions of xylanase enzyme activity produced by fungi. In the study, xylanase enzyme activity was investigated in terms of extracellular and intracellular Total Activity (TA) and Specific Activity (SA) levels at different time (day), pH and temperature levels.
Orpinomyces sp. and Neocallimastix sp. when different days (time) were considered in terms of xylanase enzyme activity of fungi species, it was determined that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between TA=0.732 and SA=0.546 (p<0.01). It was determined that there was a statistically positive and significant relationship between TA=0.622 and SA= 0.520 at different pH levels. This situation differs in terms of temperature levels. It was determined that there was a statistically negative significant relationship between genders and SA=-0.354 (p<0.05). In this study, it is thought to contribute by determining the optimum conditions in in-vitro and industrial uses.
Thomas Lehman
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and ultimately death. Despite extensive research, the exact etiology of ALS remains elusive, and therapeutic options are limited. However, emerging evidence suggests a potential link between gut microbiota and ALS pathogenesis, opening up new avenues for therapeutic intervention through gut-modulating agents. This article explores the current understanding of ALS and the role of gut microbiota, as well as the prospects for utilizing gut-modulating agents in ALS treatment. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy. While the exact etiology of ALS remains elusive, emerging evidence suggests a potential link between gut dysbiosis and disease progression. Gut-modulating agents, including probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions, have garnered increasing interest for their potential to modulate the gut microbiota and influence ALS pathogenesis.
Stephan Ahearn
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by restricted food intake, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image. While its etiology remains multifaceted, recent research has begun to uncover the potential role of the gut microbiome in the development and progression of AN. The gut microbiome, comprising trillions of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including metabolism, immune modulation, and brain-gut communication. This article aims to provide an extensive review of the gut microbiome changes associated with AN, shedding light on potential implications for understanding and treating this challenging disorder.
Lori Stone
Cough Variant Asthma (CVA) represents a distinct phenotype of asthma characterized by chronic cough as the sole or predominant symptom. While the pathophysiology of CVA remains incompletely understood, emerging evidence suggests a potential role of the gut-lung axis and alterations in the gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated microbiota changes in guinea pigs with experimentally induced CVA, focusing on the lung, ileum, and colon. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic analysis, we identified significant dysbiosis in all three compartments, with alterations in microbial composition and diversity. Our findings underscore the complex interplay between the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems in CVA and provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for modulating the gut microbiota to ameliorate asthma symptoms.
Robert Williams
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection is a significant cause of respiratory illness, particularly in infants and young children worldwide. While the pathogenesis of RSV infection primarily targets the respiratory tract, emerging evidence suggests intricate interactions between the respiratory and gut microbiomes during infection. This systematic review aims to explore the changes in the respiratory and gut microbiome dynamics during RSV infection. RSV is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. It primarily infects epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, causing symptoms ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe lower respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, especially in vulnerable populations like infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Dysbiosis in the Respiratory Tract Studies have shown alterations in the respiratory microbiome composition during RSV infection, characterized by decreased microbial diversity and abundance of commensal bacteria such as Streptococcus and Haemophilus. These changes may contribute to the susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections
Christopher Oliver
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the Central Nervous System (CNS) characterized by demyelination, axonal damage, and neurodegeneration. The exact etiology of MS remains elusive, but it is widely believed to involve a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Among the environmental factors, emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses and may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. The gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has been implicated in various neurological disorders; including MS. Studies have shown alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota in individuals with MS compared to healthy controls. These findings have sparked interest in understanding how specific microbial strains influence immune function and neuroinflammation, potentially contributing to MS development or progression.
Maria Ingo
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic and often debilitating condition characterized by persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent advances in understanding the complex interactions between the immune system, gut microbiota, and mucosal barrier function have shed new light on the pathogenesis of IBD. The mucosal immune system, which acts as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens, plays a critical role in maintaining gut homeostasis. However, dysregulation of this immune response can lead to the chronic inflammation observed in IBD. Emerging research highlights the significance of the gut microbiome-comprising bacteria, viruses, and fungi—in influencing mucosal immunity and contributing to the onset and progression of IBD. While much attention has focused on bacterial and viral interactions, the role of gut fungi in immune modulation is an area of growing interest. Fungi, particularly Candida species, have been found to interact with the mucosal immune system in ways that may influence IBD pathogenesis.
Joel Belak
Severe Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (SEME), also known as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), is a complex, multifaceted disorder characterized by profound fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and a range of other debilitating symptoms. The pathophysiology of SEME remains poorly understood, but there is growing evidence suggesting that immune system dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and altered gut health may play crucial roles in the onset and progression of the disease. Among the many potential contributors to SEME, the intestinal microbiome and its interactions with the immune system are emerging as key areas of investigation.
Gendelman Raad
In recent years, the understanding of the intricate interplay between the gut microbiome and the brain has expanded dramatically. The gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication system between the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a critical player in regulating various physiological and pathological processes. One particularly intriguing aspect of this communication is its impact on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. This article delves into the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain, focusing on how dysregulation in this communication pathway contributes to neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation.
Mohammad Yousefzadeh* and Somayyeh Vakili Yekan
Background: Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic infections caused by a protozoan named Toxoplasma gondii. Humans and carnivores can become infected by eating tissue cysts in row or semi-cooked meat or oocysts from cat feces. The aim of this study was investigation of different genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from cat feces, lamb and human pathological samples to determine the dominant types in Urmia city by amplifying GRA6 gen using PCR method.
Materials and Methods: Meat samples were collected from butchery shops of Urmia city by cutting a small piece of diaphragm muscle. DNA extraction and PCR was done on these samples after being chopped. Stool samples from stray cats were collected from ruins and parks, and oocysts were concentrated by ethyl acetate formalin and were stained with acid fast technique. Microscopically positive samples were analyzed with PCR. The lymph node specimens were collected by reviewing the pathological records of Dr. Nemati Laboratory in Urmia city. The specimens that were suspected of toxoplasmosis, were also examined after hematoxylin eosin staining and microscopic confirmation, by PCR. Finally, 20 positive PCR products, including 5 stools, 5 lamb, 5 beef and 5 human lymph node samples were sent for sequencing.
Results: Of the 20 cat feces samples suspected of having Toxoplasma oocysts, 7 samples were confirmed by PCR and from the 100 selected Lymph Node specimens, 5 samples were confirmed microscopically and PCR .sixty percent of 60 meat samples were also infected. Also, thirty percent of 60 beef samples were positive with PCR. Finally, out of 100 samples of Goat milk, 8 samples were positive and we were able to determine with PCR. Analysis of DNA sequencing revealed that all 5 lymph node specimens were from ME49 (genotype II) strain. lamb specimens were shown to be from ME49 (2 samples), GT1 or genotype I (2 samples), and VEG or genotype III (one sample) genotypes and four of five oocysts from stools samples were ME49, VEG or genotype III (one sample) strain and all beef samples were related to ME49 (genotype II) strain.Also, 2 samples of goat milk are related to GT1 or genotype I strain and 3 other cases are related to ME49 (genotype II) strain. So most of our samples were of ME49 strain.
Conclusion: Genotyping is important because it can be used to identify the dominant genotype in the region and subsequently to take specific control measures as well as therapeutic measures against the risk of involved genotype. Most of the genotypes we obtained during this study, were of type II and this genotype appears to be predominant genotype in Urmia and regarding extremely high infection rate of meat samples, it seems that humans are mostly infected with Toxoplasma gondii by eating raw or undercooked meat.
Taj Ur Rahman*, Babar Hussain, Abdul Hameed, wajiha Liaqat and Shehriyar Khan
The cobalt and copper nanoparticles are gaining wider attention due to their applications in medicines, chemistry, biotechnology and agriculture. In the present study, cobalt and copper nanoparticles were synthesized by green technology using leaf extract of Rumex hastatus and characterized by Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technologies. The synthesis of nanoparticles were observed by colour change of reaction mixture and UVVisible spectrum showed maximum absorption peaks at 620 nm and 570 nm for copper and cobalt nanoparticles respectively. The FT-IR spectrum of Rumex hastatus leaf extract showed prominent peaks at 3240-2400 cm-1 (O-H stretch), 1710 cm-1 (C=O stretch), 1654cm-1 (C=C stretch) and 1618cm-1 (C=C stretch). However, these peaks were absent in the spectrum of cobalt and copper nanoparticles, meaning that these functional groups are involved in the reduction of cobalt and copper ions into their metallic nanoparticles. The SEM result showed irregular, spherical shape crystallites with rough surface. The average size for cobalt and copper nanoparticles were found in 52 nm and 78 nm respectively. The cobalt strongly inhibits the growth of P.aereginosa while copper nanoparticles strongly inhibit the growth of E.coli. The experimental data reveals that cobalt nanoparticles have more α-amylase inhibition activity than copper. The anti-glycation activity of cobalt nanoparticles is more than copper nanoparticles while copper nanoparticles have more anti-oxidizing potential than cobalt nanoparticles.
Khalid Z Rasib*, Saniya yaqoob, Syed Zeeshan Haider, Kiran Saleem and Faiza Pervaiz
All higher animals are associated with a diverse microbial community, mainly composed of bacteria. Diversity of gut micro-biota and health depends upon the food and environment. Zoo provides unintentionally diverse population exposure of microbes to animals as well as humans. About 60% of all human diseases and approximately 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic. Fecal samples were collected of Olive Baboon kept at Lahore zoo. Samples were collected by using sterilized polythene bags and shifted to the laboratory of Microbiology of IMBB Department of University of Lahore immediately. Primary isolation was done on Nutrient agar and resulting growth was shifted on Differential media by streaking method. Gram staining was performed for the confirmation of bacteria. Pure colonies of bacteria were isolated through selective media. Different biochemical tests were performed for the further confirmation of genus of bacteria. Different bacteria such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella, Klebsiella spp., and Bacillus cereus were isolated. Antimicrobial resistivity of isolated bacteria was checked by using different antimicrobial discs and the zone of inhibition was measured in mm.
Journal of Microbial Pathogenesis received 17 citations as per Google Scholar report
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