Halit Yucel and Ferudun Kocer*
DOI: DOI: 10.37421/2684-4931.2022.6.124
In this study of Orpinomyces sp. and Neocallimastix sp., it was aimed to determine the in-vitro optimum conditions of xylanase enzyme activity produced by fungi. In the study, xylanase enzyme activity was investigated in terms of extracellular and intracellular Total Activity (TA) and Specific Activity (SA) levels at different time (day), pH and temperature levels.
Orpinomyces sp. and Neocallimastix sp. when different days (time) were considered in terms of xylanase enzyme activity of fungi species, it was determined that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between TA=0.732 and SA=0.546 (p<0.01). It was determined that there was a statistically positive and significant relationship between TA=0.622 and SA= 0.520 at different pH levels. This situation differs in terms of temperature levels. It was determined that there was a statistically negative significant relationship between genders and SA=-0.354 (p<0.05). In this study, it is thought to contribute by determining the optimum conditions in in-vitro and industrial uses.
Darien Flint
Pulpal and apical diseases, also commonly known as endodontic diseases, represent significant challenges in the field of dentistry. They involve complex inflammatory and infectious processes that affect the dental pulp and the surrounding periapical tissues. While bacterial infections have traditionally been considered the primary cause of these diseases, recent research suggests that viruses play a substantial, albeit often overlooked, role in the pathogenesis of pulpal and apical diseases. Understanding the interactions between viruses, host immune responses, and bacterial infections within the context of endodontic diseases is essential for improving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches [1].
Celeste Ambrose
Periodontal disease, a prevalent oral health problem, poses serious risks to both oral and systemic health. It involves the chronic inflammation and infection of the structures surrounding and supporting the teeth, primarily due to the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity. These bacteria, along with the body’s immune response, lead to the degradation of the supporting tissue and bone, which can ultimately result in tooth loss if left untreated. Traditional methods for managing periodontal disease often involve mechanical debridement and the use of antimicrobial agents. However, due to concerns over antibiotic resistance and the adverse effects associated with some chemical agents, there is a growing demand for alternative treatments that are both effective and safe for long-term use [1].
Mira Tamsin
The bacterial cell wall is an essential structural component that ensures the survival of bacteria under various environmental conditions. For Grampositive bacteria, the cell wall not only provides structural integrity but also plays a pivotal role in interactions with the host and the bacterial pathogen’s virulence. Gram-positive bacteria, characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer, are involved in various infections, from minor skin infections to lifethreatening diseases such as pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Due to the clinical significance of these infections and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, agents that target the bacterial cell wall have become a crucial part of the antimicrobial arsenal.
Rowan Ellery
Vaccination has been a crucial pillar of modern veterinary medicine, significantly impacting the prevention and control of infectious diseases in swine populations. Viral pathogens, which pose significant health risks to swine, contribute to economic losses in the global pork industry due to decreased productivity, increased mortality, and costly disease management practices. The development of effective vaccines against these viral pathogens has therefore been a high-priority objective for researchers and industry stakeholders. Swine vaccines have seen remarkable progress over the past decades, contributing to the control of diseases like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), Swine Influenza, and Footand- Mouth Disease (FMD).
Eris Hartwell
The accurate and timely diagnosis of plant viruses is crucial for managing crop health and agricultural productivity. As viruses in plants continue to evolve and spread, particularly in response to climate change and increased global trade, diagnostic methodologies must also evolve to keep pace. Effective plant virus diagnostics are critical for the early detection of pathogens, the prevention of widespread crop infections, and the subsequent safeguarding of global food security. Traditional techniques, although useful, can sometimes lack the sensitivity or specificity required to detect low viral loads or novel virus strains.
Talin Ashford
The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens), commonly abbreviated as BSF, has emerged as a fascinating and important insect species in recent years due to its multifaceted ecological and economic roles. Known for its remarkable ability to recycle organic waste and convert it into valuable products, such as animal feed, biofuels, and fertilizers, the BSF has gained considerable attention. With an increasing focus on sustainable agricultural practices and waste management solutions, the BSF has garnered even greater interest in scientific research, particularly in the context of its interactions with pathogens and its immune responses. Viral infections are of particular concern in various organisms, and the BSF is no exception, as it is subject to diverse viral pathogens in its natural and artificial habitats.
Akhilesh Wagh
In recent years, digital PCR (dPCR) has emerged as a transformative tool in molecular diagnostics, especially for pathogen identification. While traditional PCR methods, such as quantitative PCR (qPCR), have offered significant advancements in detecting genetic material, digital PCR introduces an even more precise, sensitive, and quantitative approach. By leveraging absolute quantification, digital PCR has shown exceptional promise in fields ranging from infectious disease diagnostics to oncology. Its unique ability to detect low levels of nucleic acids and its robustness in the presence of inhibitors make it an invaluable tool for pathogen detection, especially in cases where the accuracy of pathogen identification is critical.
Evren Cade
In the plant kingdom, seeds are pivotal units of propagation and survival, carrying the genetic blueprint for the next generation. However, the path to germination and growth is fraught with threats from diverse microbial pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Among these pathogens, necrotrophic fungi are particularly destructive as they utilize unique mechanisms to attack and destroy host tissues for nutrients. The interaction between seeds and seed-borne necrotrophic fungal pathogens serves as a compelling model to examine the immune defenses embedded in seeds. Necrotrophic fungi initiate infection by secreting toxins that kill host cells, a process that allows the pathogens to exploit the nutrients released from the dead cells. This interaction poses a challenge to the seed’s immune system, which must mount a defense against a strategy designed to circumvent or overpower its defences [1].
Mohammad Yousefzadeh* and Somayyeh Vakili Yekan
Background: Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic infections caused by a protozoan named Toxoplasma gondii. Humans and carnivores can become infected by eating tissue cysts in row or semi-cooked meat or oocysts from cat feces. The aim of this study was investigation of different genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from cat feces, lamb and human pathological samples to determine the dominant types in Urmia city by amplifying GRA6 gen using PCR method.
Materials and Methods: Meat samples were collected from butchery shops of Urmia city by cutting a small piece of diaphragm muscle. DNA extraction and PCR was done on these samples after being chopped. Stool samples from stray cats were collected from ruins and parks, and oocysts were concentrated by ethyl acetate formalin and were stained with acid fast technique. Microscopically positive samples were analyzed with PCR. The lymph node specimens were collected by reviewing the pathological records of Dr. Nemati Laboratory in Urmia city. The specimens that were suspected of toxoplasmosis, were also examined after hematoxylin eosin staining and microscopic confirmation, by PCR. Finally, 20 positive PCR products, including 5 stools, 5 lamb, 5 beef and 5 human lymph node samples were sent for sequencing.
Results: Of the 20 cat feces samples suspected of having Toxoplasma oocysts, 7 samples were confirmed by PCR and from the 100 selected Lymph Node specimens, 5 samples were confirmed microscopically and PCR .sixty percent of 60 meat samples were also infected. Also, thirty percent of 60 beef samples were positive with PCR. Finally, out of 100 samples of Goat milk, 8 samples were positive and we were able to determine with PCR. Analysis of DNA sequencing revealed that all 5 lymph node specimens were from ME49 (genotype II) strain. lamb specimens were shown to be from ME49 (2 samples), GT1 or genotype I (2 samples), and VEG or genotype III (one sample) genotypes and four of five oocysts from stools samples were ME49, VEG or genotype III (one sample) strain and all beef samples were related to ME49 (genotype II) strain.Also, 2 samples of goat milk are related to GT1 or genotype I strain and 3 other cases are related to ME49 (genotype II) strain. So most of our samples were of ME49 strain.
Conclusion: Genotyping is important because it can be used to identify the dominant genotype in the region and subsequently to take specific control measures as well as therapeutic measures against the risk of involved genotype. Most of the genotypes we obtained during this study, were of type II and this genotype appears to be predominant genotype in Urmia and regarding extremely high infection rate of meat samples, it seems that humans are mostly infected with Toxoplasma gondii by eating raw or undercooked meat.
Taj Ur Rahman*, Babar Hussain, Abdul Hameed, wajiha Liaqat and Shehriyar Khan
The cobalt and copper nanoparticles are gaining wider attention due to their applications in medicines, chemistry, biotechnology and agriculture. In the present study, cobalt and copper nanoparticles were synthesized by green technology using leaf extract of Rumex hastatus and characterized by Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technologies. The synthesis of nanoparticles were observed by colour change of reaction mixture and UVVisible spectrum showed maximum absorption peaks at 620 nm and 570 nm for copper and cobalt nanoparticles respectively. The FT-IR spectrum of Rumex hastatus leaf extract showed prominent peaks at 3240-2400 cm-1 (O-H stretch), 1710 cm-1 (C=O stretch), 1654cm-1 (C=C stretch) and 1618cm-1 (C=C stretch). However, these peaks were absent in the spectrum of cobalt and copper nanoparticles, meaning that these functional groups are involved in the reduction of cobalt and copper ions into their metallic nanoparticles. The SEM result showed irregular, spherical shape crystallites with rough surface. The average size for cobalt and copper nanoparticles were found in 52 nm and 78 nm respectively. The cobalt strongly inhibits the growth of P.aereginosa while copper nanoparticles strongly inhibit the growth of E.coli. The experimental data reveals that cobalt nanoparticles have more α-amylase inhibition activity than copper. The anti-glycation activity of cobalt nanoparticles is more than copper nanoparticles while copper nanoparticles have more anti-oxidizing potential than cobalt nanoparticles.
Khalid Z Rasib*, Saniya yaqoob, Syed Zeeshan Haider, Kiran Saleem and Faiza Pervaiz
All higher animals are associated with a diverse microbial community, mainly composed of bacteria. Diversity of gut micro-biota and health depends upon the food and environment. Zoo provides unintentionally diverse population exposure of microbes to animals as well as humans. About 60% of all human diseases and approximately 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic. Fecal samples were collected of Olive Baboon kept at Lahore zoo. Samples were collected by using sterilized polythene bags and shifted to the laboratory of Microbiology of IMBB Department of University of Lahore immediately. Primary isolation was done on Nutrient agar and resulting growth was shifted on Differential media by streaking method. Gram staining was performed for the confirmation of bacteria. Pure colonies of bacteria were isolated through selective media. Different biochemical tests were performed for the further confirmation of genus of bacteria. Different bacteria such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella, Klebsiella spp., and Bacillus cereus were isolated. Antimicrobial resistivity of isolated bacteria was checked by using different antimicrobial discs and the zone of inhibition was measured in mm.
Journal of Microbial Pathogenesis received 17 citations as per Google Scholar report
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