Priyanka Maheshwari, Rajesh Kumar KS*, Diganta Hazarika and Radheshyam Naik
Background and aim: Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is defined as a group of breast carcinomas that are negative for expression of hormone receptors Estrogen Receptor (ER) or Progesterone Receptor (PR) and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (Her2). In India, several reports have suggested that TNBC incidence is higher and up to 31%. Histological features of triple-negative breast cancer are reported to be common with those of basal-like subtype, comprising of high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma, no special type, invasive ductal carcinoma with a large central acellular zone, typical medullary carcinoma, and metaplastic carcinomas. In the present study, we aimed to correlate the pathological characteristics and evaluate IHC based expression of basal type biomarkers in triple negative breast carcinomas. Our study showed heterogeneity in histology, most of the TNBC cases in our study were IDC, NOS and there were a slightly higher percentage of atypical medullary cases as compared to other studies. Most of the cases were high grade based on modified NBR grading and majority of them turned out to be basal like on IHC. Distinctly found in our cases which had metastatic axillary lymph node was, basal immune phenotype unlike the case in other studies which demonstrated a higher proportion of lymph node negativity. As expected a high proportion of triple negative tumors showed a consistent basal cytokeratin expression (CK5/6 - 66%, CK14 -72%, CK17 - 68%). EGFR and p53 positivity did not show statistical significance between basal and non-basal groups. Proliferation marker Ki67 was statistically significant in basal like groups. Gene expression profiling is the gold standard for TNBC molecular subtype classification, however, IHC is an accepted 'surrogate marker' for identifying and classifying the 'basal like group'. Our findings suggest that pathologic characteristics cannot be used to accurately classify triple-negative breast cancer into basal and non-basal groups.
Relevance to patients: DNA microarray based molecular profiling may not be accessible always in clinical settings, this study has emphasized that identification of basal like subtype of breast cancers can be done by doing easily available surrogate Immunohistochemical biomarkers on TNBC, and thus help to provide the patient with relevant target based therapeutic benefit.
Single-stranded RNA’s have been causing respiratory diseases for many years. At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan of China. Since the first reports of cases from Wuhan, cases have been reported in all continents. COVID-19 has seen several mutations to date; the biggest challenges created by the four corona mutation are alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic, subclinical infection and mild illness to severe or fatal illness; deterioration can occur rapidly, often during the second week of illness. Management of the complications of COVID-19 relies on supportive care and oxygen supplementation via noninvasive or mechanical ventilation. Patients who are critically ill may require vasopressor support and antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections. Vaccines are being developed using a diverse range of delivery platforms, including DNA and RNA, self-amplifying RNA, virus-like particle, peptide, viral vector, recombinant protein, live attenuated virus and inactivated virus. The purpose of writing this article is to explain the history of diseases caused by single-stranded RNA’s and to examine the structure of the COVID-19 virus and the symptoms of the disease caused by this virus and possible treatment methods and vaccines.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.541
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.540
A growing body of evidence suggests that the brain changes as we age. There is loss of both white and grey matter, degeneration of neurons and synapses, as well as oxidative, inflammatory and biochemical changes. The aforementioned age-related characteristics are linked to autophagy and mitochondria. As a result, we sought to identify the most unusual morphological features of brain nervous tissue as well as characterise the expression of autophagy and mitochondrial immunohistochemical biomarkers in neurons from various human brain zones as they aged.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.542
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.543
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.544
DOI: 0.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.544
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.542
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.543
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.540
Oxidative stress is thought to be a major contributor to a variety of diseases. A plethora of methods for measuring the extent and nature of oxidative stress have been developed and used in virtually all diseases, ranging from DNA oxidation to proteins, lipids and free amino acids. Increased understanding of disease biology and redox biology has resulted in more specific and sensitive tools for measuring oxidative stress markers, which are very diverse and sometimes very low in abundance. The literature is extremely diverse. It is often difficult to draw broad conclusions about the significance of oxidative stress biomarkers because only a small proportion of diseases have used a variety of different biomarkers and different biomarkers have been studied.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2022.13.541
Despite concerted efforts over the last two decades to develop new diagnostics, drugs and vaccines, tuberculosis remains a global emergency. Several novel diagnostic technologies, such as nucleic acid-based amplification tests, imaging and volatile organic compound breath analysis, show promise for improved point-of-care rapid tests for tuberculosis. Advances in new and repurposed drugs for use in multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis have focused on the development of several new drug regimens and their clinical trial evaluation and they now influence World Health Organization guidelines. Since the failure of the MVA85A vaccine two years ago, no new tuberculosis vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.621
Axial Spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the axial skeleton, characterized by inflammatory back pain, sacroiliitis and structural damage. Despite advancements in treatment options, there remains a significant unmet need for accurate diagnosis, prognosis and personalized therapeutic strategies. Molecular profiling techniques have emerged as powerful tools in understanding the pathogenesis of axSpA, elucidating molecular signatures associated with disease activity, severity and treatment response. This article provides a comprehensive overview of molecular profiling in axSpA patients, exploring its potential implications for precision medicine approaches.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.622
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) serves as a crucial source of biomarkers for various neurological disorders due to its proximity to the central nervous system. Recent advancements in proteomic techniques have enabled comprehensive profiling of the CSF proteome, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological conditions. Furthermore, the investigation of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) within the CSF has emerged as a promising avenue, offering valuable insights into intercellular communication and disease pathogenesis. This article provides an overview of proteomic approaches applied to CSF and its EVs, highlighting their significance in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic development for neurological disorders.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.623
Blood transcriptomics, a burgeoning field in biomedical research, offers a window into understanding human health and disease at a molecular level. By analyzing gene expression patterns in blood samples, researchers can uncover crucial insights into various physiological and pathological processes. This article delves into the significance of blood transcriptomics, its applications in identifying multiple gene expression pathways and its implications for personalized medicine and precision healthcare.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.624
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play crucial roles in gene regulation and have emerged as significant players in various cancers, including breast cancer. Differentially regulated miRNAs in breast cancer have been extensively studied due to their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets. This article aims to provide an overview of the functions of differentially regulated miRNAs in breast cancer, highlighting their roles in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis and drug resistance. Understanding the complex regulatory networks involving miRNAs in breast cancer could pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies and personalized treatment approaches.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.625
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.626
Sameera Esmaeili
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.627
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.628
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.629
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.630
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.631
In the realm of oncology, the quest for precision medicine has been a longstanding endeavor. Traditional cancer treatments often employed a onesize- fits-all approach, which, while effective for some patients, proved inadequate for many others. However, with advancements in technology and the advent of molecular biomarkers, the landscape of cancer diagnosis and treatment has undergone a transformative shift. Harnessing these molecular signatures has unlocked the potential for tailored therapies, leading to improved outcomes and enhanced patient care. Precision oncology represents a transformative approach to cancer treatment that takes into account the unique molecular characteristics of each patient's tumor. Traditional cancer therapies often relied on a one-size-fits-all approach, but precision oncology aims to personalize treatment strategies based on the specific genetic alterations driving tumor growth. By harnessing molecular biomarkers, clinicians can better understand the underlying biology of cancer and identify targeted therapies that offer the greatest chance of success.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.632
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.633
Neurology has traditionally relied on clinical symptoms, neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies to diagnose and manage brain disorders. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of these conditions often pose significant challenges. Recent advances in molecular biology have introduced molecular biomarkers as a powerful tool, revolutionizing our understanding and treatment of neurological diseases. Molecular biomarkers are measurable indicators of a biological state or condition. In neurology, they can be proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites, or other molecules found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or brain tissue. These biomarkers can provide valuable information about disease mechanisms, progression and response to treatment.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.634
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DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.636
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.637
Diagnostic pathology has long been the cornerstone of medical diagnosis and prognosis. Traditionally, pathologists relied on microscopic examination of tissue samples to identify diseases. However, the landscape of diagnostic pathology has undergone a profound transformation with the advent of molecular biomarkers. These biomarkers, which include genetic mutations, proteins and other molecular signatures, have revolutionized the way diseases are diagnosed, classified and treated. The primary goal of diagnostic pathology is to provide accurate and timely diagnoses to help clinicians manage patients effectively. By studying the cellular and molecular characteristics of tissues, pathologists can identify the presence of abnormal changes indicative of disease. These findings are often reported in pathology reports, which serve as essential tools for clinicians in formulating treatment plans and monitoring patient progress.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.638
In the realm of modern medicine, the integration of molecular biomarkers has catalyzed a paradigm shift in drug development and therapeutic strategies. Molecular biomarkers, indicative of biological processes or responses to treatment, offer profound insights into disease mechanisms, patient stratification and treatment efficacy. Molecular biomarkers encompass a diverse array of molecules, ranging from DNA, RNA, proteins, to metabolites, circulating tumor cells and imaging characteristics. These biomarkers reflect various aspects of physiological and pathological processes, providing invaluable information for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring. Through advancements in omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, researchers can comprehensively characterize biomarker profiles associated with disease states and drug responses.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.639
DOI: 10.37421/2155-9929.2024.15.640
Molecular Biomarkers & Diagnosis received 2054 citations as per Google Scholar report
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