Case Report - (2021) Volume 6, Issue 6
Received: 03-Dec-2021
Published:
24-Dec-2021
Citation: Eskarous, Hany and Anuragh Gudur. “A Case of Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis Unlinked to ATP8B1 and ABCB11”. Clin Gastro J 6(2021):150.
Copyright: © 2021 Eskarous H, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurring episodes of jaundice. Two subtypes of BRIC have been well-characterized in the literature: BRIC I, caused by mutations in ATP8B1 gene, and BRIC II, triggered by mutations in ABCB11 gene. There are exceedingly rare cases of BRIC in which individuals do not have mutations in either of the associated genes, suggesting the possibility additional loci implicated in this disorder. Herein, we present a case of BRIC in a 21-year-old male who demonstrated clinical, biochemical and histological evidence of disease but lacked both of the associated mutations in ATP8B1 and ABCB11.
Bush tea • Drug induced liver injury • Congestive hepatopathy • Transaminitis
Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurring episodes of jaundice due to poor biliary flow in hepatocytes. The disease typically manifests in an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, with average age of onset ranging from infancy to young adulthood [1]. During episodes of cholestasis, patients present with intense pruritis and jaundice that may last up to several weeks [2]. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and steatorrhea from fat malabsorption. Laboratory evaluation usually reveals conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and elevated ALT/AST. Two subtypes of BRIC have been well-characterized in the literature: BRIC I, caused by mutation in ATP8B1 gene, and BRIC II, triggered by mutation in ABCB11 gene [3,4]. Both genes encode for important hepatocyte proteins involved in the flow of bile. Liver biopsies during symptomatic episodes commonly demonstrate no inflammatory hepatocanalicular cholestasis without fibrosis. In periods of remission, liver histology is normal [5]. In clinical settings, diagnosis often requires a high degree of suspicion and is confirmed by genetic testing for ATP8B1 and/or ABCB11 mutations. However, there are exceedingly rare cases of BRIC in which individuals do not have mutations in either of the associated genes. Herein, we present a case of BRIC in a 21-year-old male who demonstrated clinical, biochemical and histological evidence of disease but lacked both of the associated mutations in ATP8B1 and ABCB11.
A 17-year-old male presented with a chief complaint of yellowing of his skin and eyes for the past year. In this time frame, he also reported pruritus, light colored stools, and dark brown urine. He also endorsed intermittent episodes of sharp, peri-umbilical abdominal pain that may last for a few minutes. His symptoms were not triggered by illness or stress. He denies using any new medications, supplements, or vitamins. He noted bruising on legs, but no other new changes in his skin. He denied fatigue, oral ulcers, fevers, chills, lightheadedness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, joint paints, or urinary symptoms. There is no history of any melena, hematochezia, or hematemesis.
The patient lived at home with his parents, who urged him to seek medical attention. He worked as a dancer. He denied tattoos and has never had a blood transfusion. He had no known medication allergies. He denied alcohol use, smoking, and recreational drug use. On exam, the patient had normal vital signs. He was visibly icteric. Abdomen was soft, non-tender, non-distended, and without hepatomegaly. Lab results revealed Alkaline Phosphatase of 370, ALT 96, AST 66, and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. An extensive workup for transaminitis was unrevealing, including infectious hepatitis, alpha-1 antitrypsin disease, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, celiac disease, PBC, STDs, and HIV. Imaging with abdominal ultrasound demonstrated increased echogenicity of the liver reflecting steatosis, without biliary dilation.
He also had negative genetic testing for the ATP8B1 and ABCB11 genes implicated in BRIC. A subsequent liver biopsy revealed bland cholestasis with coarse granular biliary material within dilated bile canaliculi, without any significant inflammation, bile duct damage, or ductular reaction (Figure 1). He was prescribed ursodiol plus hydroxyzine and discharged after reporting improvement in symptoms. Unfortunately, he discontinued those medications after discharge. He continued to experience intermittent episodes of jaundice and pruritis and ultimately presented to the hospital again with elevated alkaline phosphatase, ALT, AST, and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. A repeat workup for transaminitis, as completed previously, was unrevealing. He received ursodiol again and the symptoms resolved.
Figure 1. (H&E) pathologic appearance of the liver biopsy bland cholestasis and portal tracts and hepatic cords are preserved.
We report a case of BRIC in the absence of mutations in ATP8B1 and ABCB11. Such cases are exceedingly rare in the literature. Initial cases of BRIC were first described in 1959, and a set of diagnostic criteria established in 1969 are still applicable today [6,7]. The criteria include: (1) multiple episodes of jaundice separated by a symptom-free interval of at least 6 months, (2) laboratory evidence of intrahepatic cholestasis, (3) histological evidence of noninflammatory cholestasis, (4) non-dilated biliary ducts, and (5) absence of other known risk factors for cholestasis.
Our patient satisfied these diagnostic criteria. The age of onset and history of symptoms align closely with the presentation of BRIC. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated a cholestatic pattern of liver enzyme elevation and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, while abdominal ultrasound exhibited no biliary dilation-consistent with intrahepatic cholestasis. The pathologist’s assessment of the liver biopsy stated that the histopathology was compatible with a disorder of intrahepatic cholestasis, with morphologically similarities to biopsies seen in BRIC.
Additionally, our patient lacked any other inciting factors to explain his clinical presentation. Of note, some evidence indicates the existence of additional disease loci for low γ-GT BRIC [3,8,9]. This may explain why some individuals diagnosed with BRIC on clinical and histopathologic evidence do not have an association with either ATP8B1 or ABCB11. This disorder has been informally termed “BRIC 3”; it is unclear which genes are implicated in this form and whether they are inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive pattern [10]. This case raises additional queries regarding the etiology of BRIC, which should prompt further investigation to characterize these additional genetic mutations that may be associated with the disease.
BRIC is an autosomal recessive disease with mutations in both alleles of ATP8B1 (BRIC1) or ABCB11 (BRIC2). Both mutations cause cholestasis by impairing the bile salt export pump function, which actively transports bile into canaliculi. Negative genetic testing for those known mutations does not exclude diagnosis after applying the diagnostic criteria of BRIC. More studies are needed for possible other contributing genetic mutations.
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