A Field Reading on the Immunization of Animals against the West Nile Disease

Balal Sadheghi^*
*Correspondence: Balal Sadheghi, Department of Animal Science, Wildlife Research Institute, Bonn, Germany, Email:

Keywords

Vaccines • Zoonotic • Livestock • Protection

Introduction

Live vaccines, on the other hand, use a weakened or attenuated form of the virus or bacteria to stimulate an immune response. Live vaccines are often more effective than killed vaccines, but they can be risky, as there is a small chance that the attenuated virus or bacteria can mutate and cause disease.Subunit vaccines are made by using a small piece of the virus or bacteria to stimulate an immune response. Subunit vaccines are generally safe and effective, but they may not provide as long-lasting protection as live or killed vaccines.DNA vaccines are a relatively new type of vaccine that uses a small piece of DNA to stimulate an immune response. DNA vaccines are considered safe and effective, but they are still in the early stages of development [1].

Animal vaccines are used for a variety of purposes, including protecting livestock from infectious diseases that can cause significant economic losses. Protecting companion animals, such as dogs and cats, from infectious diseases that can cause illness or death. Preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Examples of zoonotic diseases include rabies, West Nile virus, and avian influenza. Protecting wildlife populations from infectious diseases that can cause population declines or extinctions. Challenges in Developing Animal Vaccines Developing animal vaccines can be challenging for several reasons: Many animal diseases are caused by complex viruses or bacteria that are difficult to culture and study in the laboratory. The immune systems of different animal species can vary significantly, making it challenging to develop vaccines that are effective in all species [2].

The cost of developing and producing vaccines can be high, especially for vaccines that are used in large animals, such as cattle. Some animal diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, are highly contagious and can spread rapidly, making it challenging to control outbreaks. Animal vaccine production typically involves several stages, including: Research and development: Scientists identify the virus or bacteria that causes a particular disease and work to develop a vaccine that can stimulate an immune response. The vaccine is tested in the laboratory and in animals to determine its safety and effectiveness. The vaccine must be approved by regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, before it can be marketed [3].

Literature Review

Once the vaccine is approved, it can be produced on a large scale. The vaccine is typically produced using cell culture techniques, which involve growing the virus or bacteria in cells in the laboratory. The vaccine is packaged in vials or syringes and distributed to veterinarians and other animal health professionals. Animal vaccines play a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, protecting animal health and welfare, and reducing the economic losses associated with disease outbreaks. Vaccinating animals can also help to prevent the spread of Animal vaccines are medical interventions that stimulate an animal's immune system to produce protective immunity against infectious diseases. Vaccines contain either weakened or killed disease-causing agents, or parts of them, which are injected into or orally administered to animals. These agents stimulate an immune response in the animal, leading to the production of antibodies that can neutralize the pathogen upon subsequent exposure. Animal vaccines are a critical tool in preventing and controlling infectious diseases that can spread from animals to humans, also known as zoonoses. In this article, we will discuss the importance of animal vaccines, the types of animal vaccines available, and their benefits [4].

Animal vaccines play a critical role in protecting animal health, welfare, and productivity. Infectious diseases can cause significant losses in animal production and economic impact. Outbreaks of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) can lead to the culling of millions of animals, economic losses in the billions of dollars, and trade restrictions that can last for years. Vaccines are effective in preventing and controlling outbreaks of infectious diseases, reducing the need for expensive disease control measures such as culling, quarantine, and movement restrictions. Animal vaccines also play a significant role in protecting public health [5]. Many infectious diseases are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans. Vaccinating animals against these diseases reduces the risk of transmission to humans, preventing illness and potentially saving lives. For example, rabies is a zoonotic disease that is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths worldwide each year. Vaccinating domestic dogs, which are the primary source of human rabies infections, is a critical tool in preventing the spread of the disease to humans.

Discussion

There are several types of animal vaccines available, including live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Live Attenuated Vaccines: Live attenuated vaccines are made from viruses or bacteria that have been weakened so that they do not cause disease. These vaccines stimulate a strong and long-lasting immune response, and usually require only one or two doses to provide protection. Examples of live attenuated vaccines include the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine for humans, and the infectious bronchitis vaccine for chickens [6].

Inactivated vaccines are made from viruses or bacteria that have been killed or inactivated so that they cannot cause disease. These vaccines typically require multiple doses to provide protection and are less effective at stimulating a strong and long-lasting immune response compared to live attenuated vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include the influenza vaccine for humans and the inactivated poliovirus vaccine for animals. Subunit vaccines are made from a part of the virus or bacterium that is capable of stimulating an immune response. This part is often a protein, and the vaccine may contain multiple subunits to stimulate a more comprehensive immune response. Subunit vaccines are generally safe and effective, but they can be expensive to produce. Examples of subunit vaccines include the hepatitis B vaccine for humans and the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine for cattle [7].

Conclusion

DNA vaccines are a newer type of vaccine that works by injecting a piece of DNA that codes for a part of the virus or bacterium into the animal's muscle. The animal's cells then produce the protein, stimulating an immune response. DNA vaccines are considered safe and effective, but they are not yet widely used in animal vaccination programs. Examples of DNA vaccines include the West Nile virus vaccine for horses and the canine melanoma vaccine for dogs Animal vaccines provide numerous benefits, including preventing disease, reducing the spread of disease, and improving animal welfare.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest by author.

References

1. Prow, Tarl W., Xianfeng Chen, Natalie A. Prow and Germain JP Fernando, et al. "Nanopatch‐targeted skin vaccination against west nile virus and chikungunya virus in mice." Small 6 (2010): 1776-1784.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Dauphin, Gwenaëlle and Stephan Zientara. "West nile virus: Recent trends in diagnosis and vaccine development." Vaccine 25 (2007): 5563-5576.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

3. Davis, Brent S., Gwong-Jen J. Chang, Bruce Cropp and John T. Roehrig, et al. "West nile virus recombinant dna vaccine protects mouse and horse from virus challenge and expresses in vitro a noninfectious recombinant antigen that can be used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays." J Virol 75 (2001): 4040-4047.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

4. Roehrig, John T. "West Nile virus in the united states-a historical perspective." Viruses 5 (2013): 3088-3108.

Google Scholar, Indexed at

5. Tesh, Robert B., Juan Arroyo, Amelia PA Travassos Da Rosa and Hilda Guzman, et al. "Efficacy of killed virus vaccine, live attenuated chimeric virus vaccine, and passive immunization for prevention of west nile virus encephalitis in hamster model." Emerg Infect Dis 8 (2002): 1392.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

6. Monath, Thomas P. "Prospects for development of a vaccine against the west nile virus." Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 (2001): 1-12.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

7. Dayan, Gustavo H., Konstantin Pugachev, Joan Bevilacqua and Jean Lang, et al. "Preclinical and clinical development of a yfv 17 d-based chimeric vaccine against west nile virus." Viruses 5 (2013): 3048-3070.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at