Africa’s Poverty and Famines: Developmental Projects of China on Africa

Akhtar Gul^*
*Correspondence: Akhtar Gul, Department of Economics, University of Science and Technology Bannu, KPK, Pakistan, Tel: 923118296696, Email:

Keywords

Africa • Resources war • Future of Africa

Introduction

Historical background of poverty and famines

Human beings have never seen a single society that survived without of Daram, but in fact, there is no Daram of poverty and terrorism [1]. Still, human beings have never seen a society where poverty did not exist. Cultures existed merely 0.07 million years ago [2]. It means the history of poverty is older than from cultures existence [3]. When humans of a society civilize after that culture exists. A civilized society creates a civilization [4]. Hence, civilization began in 6000 years [5]. Poverty and food insecurity are two common problems of every civilization that existed [6]. Our civilization is the last civilization of this beautiful planet, maybe or not, but our civilization is facing many other problems like other civilizations faced along with the above two problems [7]. ‘Almost every civilization of the world destroyed from food insecurity expects few civilizations that destroyed from natural disastrous [8]. “In a modern civilized society, ‘first famine of human history occurred in 1708 B.C. From 1708 BC to 1878 AD, 350 famines occurred in various spheres of the world [9]. Besides, the Encyclopedia Britannica listed 31 main famines from prehistoric to 1960s [10]. Sub-continent has also faced eleven severe

famines in 1769-70 to 1943 and about 40.9 million people pass away due to these famines [11]. China would also bear many great famines in 20th century [12]. In 20th century, the world faced approximately 59 famines and during whole century about 70 million people died only in 30 famines [13].

In 1959-61 turn out a famine which is known as Great Chinese Famine, due to this famine died 16.5 to 45 million individuals, which is half of the causalities of WWI and WWII [14]. The brief history of famines shows; these problems faced every civilization of the world [15]. In fact, ‘Almost civilization destroyed through poverty, hunger and starvation [16]. ’Poverty’s etymology is Latin which means poor [17]. There is no proper definition of poverty till exist [18]. Encyclopedia Encarta defines the term poverty, “Poverty is a condition having inadequate means or income” [19]. According to the United Nations Human Development Report, 1998, “Poverty is a complex and multifarious phenomenon that commonly suggests in the insufficiency of resources and lack of choices, which would facilitate people of a society or individual to take pleasure in polite living conditions [20]. Poverty is complex and multi-dimensions situations, lack of shelter lack of capabilities limited approval of economic and social infrastructure, The Poor is frequently inadequate access to means and less incomeearning chances [21].

Literature Review

Poverty in 21^st century

Human beings are experiencing awful dusk, the dusk of international war [22]. Wars have broken out almost every sphere of the world, in peaceful nations also preparing of the war on daily bases [23]. The humankind is surviving with an unbelievable and continuous fear [24]. The 21^st century civilizations are facing lots of problems [25]. Laster R. Brown defined a proper solution of this problem in his book ‘World on The Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic collapse’, he said “Merely, US$200 billion per year can save our civilization from internal and external threats [26]. Surprisingly, it is equal to two per cent of the world’s total military spending.” Because, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2019 report, “Global military expenditure is estimated to have been $1917 billion (2.2% of the world Gross Domestic Product) in 2019 [27]. “The 21^st century is known as the century of WWIII, Climate change and extreme poverty and famines [28].

The hunger and poverty story the first decade of 21^st century defined American economist Jeffrey D. Sachs in his well-known book ‘The End of poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time’, “Currently, more than eight million people around the world die each year because they are too poor to stay alive [29]. Our generation can choose to end that extreme poverty by the year 2025. Every morning our newspapers could report, more than 20,000 people perished yesterday extreme poverty [30].” The stories would put the stark numbers in context up to 8,000 children dead of malaria, 5,000 mothers and fathers’ dead of tuberculosis, 7,500 young adults’ dead of AIDS, and thousands deader of diarrhea, respiratory infection, and other killer diseases that prey on bodies weakened by chronic hunger [31].

The poor die in hospital wards that lack drugs, in villages that lack anti-malarial bed nets, in houses that lack safe drinking water. They die namelessly, without public comment [32]. Sadly, such stories rarely get written [33]. Most people are unaware of the daily struggles for survival, and of the vast numbers of impoverished people around the world who lose that struggle. “People are facing lots of problems; in the vein of terrorism, poverty, unemployment, nuclear war shadow and so on but poverty is topmost [34]. Billions of people of 21st century took first breathe with extreme poverty when the first dawn rose [35]. In 2001, 1.1 billion people income below US$ 1 a per diem and about 2.7 billion breathed with less than US$2 a per diem [36]. The 20^th or 21^st century poverty and famines are basically human-made famines [37]. One hundred eighty-nine states leaders signed the Millennium Development Goal under United Nations Millennium Summit 2000 [38]. Poverty reduction is a principal goal of this summit and UN starts an immense anti-poverty movement worldwide [39]. Through this goal, 1.06 billion people were lifted out of extreme poverty in the globe from 1990 to 2015 [40]. Due to several raison d etre, there are still more than 700 million people hungry around the world [41]. The world especially developing countries are faced with harsh challenges in the reduction of hunger child health and maternal [42].

Poverty in China and how eradicating it?

“China is a sleeping lion. Let her sleep, for when she wakes, she will shake the world [43].” (Napoleon Bonaparte) Mostly the history of the People’s Republic of China is frequently divided by historians into the ‘Mao era and the ‘post-Mao era’ [44]. The post-revolution Chinese economy from 1949 to 1976 is known as Mao’s economic era [45]. Someone calls an initiative industrial era of China. China faced last famine ‘Great Leap Forward Famine’ in 1958-62 [46]. Pre- Mao revolution in China, might be predicted, the contagious diseases for example Cholera and typhus were caused of most famine’s mortality [47]. But post-revolutionary period cause of death was starvation and hunger rather than by diseases [48]. In 1970s, china’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita was not greater than on African countries i.e. Malawi or Niger but today it tenfold and twelvefold high [49]. In 1979, real founder of China’s economy president Deng Xiaoping introduced Economic reforms’ Open-Door Policy’ in December 1978 [50]. Thus, 1980 to 2017, China’s actual (GDP) raise an average annual rate of about 9.5% [51]. Doug Guthrie also describes the phenomena in his book ‘China and Globalization’, “The average annual rate of growth for real GDP was 12.3 percent, the highest rate of any world for that period [52].” According to World Bank 2018 report, “The fastest sustained expansion by a major economy in throughout the world history” [53] (Figure 1).

Similarly, according to U.S. Trade Data 2019, “Total trade between the two countries (China and US) grew from $5 billion in 1980 to $660 billion in 2018” [54]. Therefore, According to Chinese Government Statistics, “China’s real GDP grew at an average annual rate of 6.7% from 1953 to 1978 [55].” After completion the world

largest and biggest project BRI and vision 2025 and vision 2030, China will lead the world economy [56]. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the heart and game changer part of Belt Road Initiative (BRI) [57]. The 21st Century wars neither Napoleonic Wars nor Thirty Years War and not United States’ Civil Wars [58]. The modern wars are fighting for economic zones and resources wars along with imposing for state-imperialism [59].

In fact, a new economic cold war started between China and the USA in Africa [60]. Trade war and currency war between the USA and China is also a part of these wars [61]. China did not adopt antagonistic and political approaches resemble UK in 18th and 19 centuries [62]. In the same way, historians divided US approach into two eras [63]. Firstly, After WWII the US took on economic approach, through this approach control world economy through International Monetary Fund, World Bank and Marshall Plan. Secondly, when USSR collapsed the US adopted hard aggressive policy against world (About 22 years USA leads world as a solo supreme power from 1991 to 2012-13) [64].

After 2014 world entered multi-polarity, according to Jeffrey D. Sachs, “The US has launched many overseas wars in the Past forty years; China has launched none” [65]. But China’s realist version is balance of power during the whole era [66]. In 21^st century, China’s emerged as a regional and international economic power as well as military [67]. China spends US$ 261 billion on military [68]. China’s economic power is a turning point of the world politics [69]. Because first time someone Asia power challenged west’s hegemony in previous 300 years [70].

Some experts analyzed the US decline as predictable and believer accommodation to China’s rising power, most scholars mentioned that the United States should and will resist this challenge by pursuing a ‘containment’ strategy, leading to a new economic and military Cold War or even open military conflict in landscape Asia and Africa [71]. In 2000, UN set a goal through Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce the world extreme poverty in 2015 [72]. As a consequence, China contributed 65% of the worldwide reduction in severe poverty, while India’s in 20% of the world. From 1990 to 2012 poverty fell 37% to 12% (About 897 million of people of People’s Republic of China) [73].

After 1980s Asian statesmen especially East Asia’s Statesmen realized that, leader of a state is responsible to people, the people not them [74]. Similar to Chinese President Deng Changed lives of Chinese people not merely changed the lives of community party’s workers [75]. The Deng’s changed; change the history of china in modern era [76]. As a result, 800 million Chinese left from absolute poverty in last three decades [77].

US’s GDP in nominal terms was 9 times greater than China in 2000. In 2010, due to rapid growth in US GDP was just 2.5 times that of China. Besides, in 2014, China emerged the world’s largest economy in PPP terms which is large 10 per cent US economy in 1980 [78].China supports US’s aggressive actions as compare to economic growth and development actions [79].

USA identifies brawn strategic result and solution of all problems not brains [80]. The economic war will win by China because according to theory, China population is 1.37 billion and America’s population 321 million [81].

Discussion

US’s economic interest in Africa

After WWII, the US is solo military (Spends $733 billion) and economic power ($21 trillion volume) of the world [82]. The Peace preacher and maintainer collapsed world peace his power [83]. US looted world resources. During cold war US interest base on military, strategic, and oil interests [84]. For these purposes, “US started military ties with African countries Morocco and Tunisia [85]. The U.S selected five sites in Morocco for the construction of strategic air bases [86]. Three of these became bases for the Strategic Air Command and were not phased out until 1963 [87].” The US military ties with a few countries created vacuum of power in fragile continent [88]. Therefore, US control all trade route in West Asia and Africa [89].

The geopolitical significance of the region lies in the fact that most of the oil that the industrial west needs passes through this region from the oil fields in West Asia and the Persian Gulf [90]. Therefore, US controlled geo-strategic route ‘Cope route’ [91]. According to Nick Turse, “A formerly secret map from AFRICOM shows a network of 29 US. military bases that stretch from one side of Africa to another [92].” The US second main interested reason in Africa is arm’s market. Recently more than half conflicts of the world are fighting in Africa [93]. When US established military bases in Africa; he gives military aid to African countries. During 1970s and 80s, African countries import arms from both Western and communist blocs. Besides, ‘US increased arms export to third world countries [94].

Western Europe was reconstructed the arms industries; they purchase fewer arms from US’. On the other sides, Africa Attractiveness report described that, “The largest investors by number of projects in African were the US, France and UK respectively [95]. Remarkably, China was the largest investor in terms of total capital, investing more than twice the dollar amount of France or the US and more than triple from UK [96].” The US is investing $30, 855 in Africa under 463 projects [97]. Therefore, France 329 and UK 286 projects started with $34,172 and $17, 768 volumes in that order [98]. But the guru of investment China launched 259 projects with the largest volume $72, 235 [99]. The few facts and figures show, China changing the lives of Africa as compare to American [100]. American main interest in Africa is military presence not development of Africa [101]. According to Josh Becker, co-founder and CEO of Impele Consulting Group, “We are seeing tremendous growth in interest in Africa [from the US], but not the same growth inaction. Companies take their notebooks but not their check books.”

Poverty in Africa

If a nation economic sovereignty is lost, all sovereignty is lost. During The 16th through 20th centuries, West Powers (France, United Kingdom and Protégées) took control land of the world (included South East Asia, Sub-continent. North and Central Africa, South and Central America) Thus, the authorities exploited natural resources of these regions. Only France $50 billion of valuable resources large volume of products and merchandise shipping back to France during that era. South East Asia and Sub-continent faced severe famines in world’s history, caused by West exploitation. As a consequence, West exploitation is root cause of poverty under developing countries, i.e. African, Asian and Latin America (Figure 2).

Arabic (170 million) English (130 million), Swahili (100), French (115), Berber (50), Hausa (50), Portuguese (20) and Spanish (10)(Spolsky, 2018). Africa is the world’s second largest continent covering about over 30 million square kilometers.

Surprisingly, still the power countries like US, UK, France resources exploitation of the emerging countries worldwide. Poverty is not destiny just African people. By all means, Africa is the first land that faced famine. On Land of Africa, ‘First famine has been recorded before 2273 years ago in Ethiopia’. In West African Sahel, famines happened on normal each seven to ten years in the 17^th century and every five years in the 18th century. It is a fate of all populations of the world those facing regional conflicts, political instability, corruption, a fragile economy, civil war and the influence of world power. Africa’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is 15 times and 7 times less than the GDP of the US and China. Africa is one of the poorest regions of the world; whereabouts 40 per cent people live below $1.25 a day and 69 per cent on less than $2 a day.

Post 2015 the main aim of UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ‘universally wipe out severe poverty by 2030’. The Africa poverty eradication plan ahead of the MDGs should focally point on wealth formation and prosperity along with reduced extreme inequality. It’s possible through high growth, equity, political stability and strong policies, i.e., ‘inclusive and green’. More than half countries of this region are including the fastest growing and emerging economies of the world since 2010. The world poverty rate has been shrinking since the 1950s, but Sub-Saharan Africa countries take feasibly step since 90s. The region diminished severe poverty by 10 per cent, due to accelerate growth. Famines eradicated from all 2020; In 2030, about 1 in 5 Sub- Saharan African children will live in poverty and it wills 43% of world poverty. Between 2015 and 2030, Sub Saharan Africa births will increase from 29% to 30%. The last quarter of 20^th century has seen astonishing improvement in poverty reduction. Poverty has dramatically declined the mid in 20th and the first two decades of the 21^st century. Oxford’s Max Roser, “In 1950, 75 percent people were living in extreme and server poverty; it was 44 per cent in till 1981. However, in fact, in 2016, extreme poverty has fallen less than ten per cent”. The entire effort Africa’s poverty rate is double from 1999 to 2012. Africa share 21.4% of the world poverty, while 43.4% of the world poverty in 2012.

Causes of Africa poverty

Africa is a complex and perplex region of the world. Because, Africa is facing all root problems of the world i.e. poverty, massive unemployment and income inequality, mono-culture political economy, border disputes, intra-states wars and ethnic and lingual clashes, the lack of infrastructure, the unpredictable (Mainly poor) economic performance, political instability, and the chronological tendency for violent strife, smooth civil war, and extent of corruption intra and inter-war, climate change, severe drought, ‘locust’ infestations. But in fact, there are four main causes of African poverty cycle, Civil war, and drought, lack of democracy and population bomb.

Civil war

Africa is one of the complex regions of the world due to ethnicity, race and lingual. Forty Sub-Saharan African countries are surviving of more than 3,000 ethnic groups and over 2,100 different languages speak Approximately, 6,200 languages and dialects speak in worldwide, about 2,582 languages and 1,382 dialects are found in Africa continent. There are no similarities in race, lingual and religions. From 1945 to 1999, humankind has faced 25 interstate wars, most occurred in Africa and approximately 3.33 million causalities occurred. In these wars involved 25 states worldwide. Therefore, 127 civil wars happened among 73 states in same era and died 16.2 million of people. Most causality occurred in Africa and more than half in out of total fled from Africa to rest of the world. During this era, refugees are greater than causalities. Economic destruction of Afghanistan, Somalia, and Lebanon are causes of civil wars. Most civil war occurred in poor countries Sub-Saharan Africa 34 and 17 in North Africa and Middle East. Civil war impacts on economic growth and development and standard of living of a society at m time when conflicts ongoing and after long time. Civil war destroyed interior market activities, so people lose their jobs. Due to civil war ‘during 1980 to 2000, the region per capita growth is negative; worsen health conditions on the world; high unemployment worldwide and remains mired in poverty’. Similarly, when masses of a society or country flee. There is a positive relationship between conflicts and refugee crisis in Africa to another society or country, is the increase labor ratio but jobs are fixed. If create new jobs but not the same ratio; creates a gap of unemployment. This gap created poverty in Africa (Figure 3 and 4).

Drought

Drought and conflict are root-cause of all famines in the whole era; famines occurred due to extreme poverty. During 3727 years from 1708 B.C to 2019-20 has happened about 434 famines worldwide. About more than 376 famines occurred due to drought and conflict. After 1960, about 99 percent of famines cause droughts and floods (Natural triggers) and conflicts (government’s policies, war, malfunction of globe response) in Africa and globally. Drought creates food insecurity; food insecurity is further creating all major socio-economic and socio-political problems in the rest of the world particularly in Africa. In current scenario, climate change is totally affecting Africa’s agriculture into two aspects, dwindling rain ratio and massive flood (Figure 5).

Lack of democracy

Democracy is not a solo away but slightly a commitment to certain institutions such as a rule of law, civil society and political accountability through free and fair elections by an electorate based on universal suffrage. It also includes (to a varying degree) freedom of speech, the development of a civic culture and the acceptance of a social contract. Democracy and famine don does not mix to one another. Africa is a continent where democracy is Once in a blue moon. Africa’s decolonization began in the 1960^s. In Berlin Conference, European authorities divided the map of Africa without stares for the unity of existing cultural groups and state system. As a result, large ethnic groups divided in small parts and others small parts started struggle for single and separate region (state). This separate state concept created civil wars and authoritarian types of governments.

In the vein of, Omar Bongo of Gabon died after 42 years in power; Muammar Gaddafi of Libya has stayed 39 years in the Saddle of Equatorial Guinea has held on for 30 years; Mugabe ruled 29 years 29 in Zimbabwe, Hosim Mubarak of Egypt keep on over 27 years in power; Paul Biya of Cameroon has been execution on for 26 years; Yoweri Musevini of Uganda for 23 years; king Mswati 111 of Burkina Faso for 21 years and host of other. However, between 2005 and 2012, the value of democracy arguably reduced, with political rights, economic, peace, and civil right increasing in fifteen states but worsening in eighteen other states. A number of African’s leaders have organized violent and cruel behavior; through reduced rights during election periods in a proposal to grip on to power and authority. In Africa about 19 and 25 per cent of elections are blemished by conflicts (Figure 6).

Population bomb

“We are all doomed if we do not control population growth.” Surprisingly, 0.1 million years ago, about 5 million people were breathing on this planet. In 2019, (about 81 million people add each year in world population) world population is 7.7 billion and world population could grow the same rate to about 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion and 10.9 billion respectively in 2050 and 2100. On the basis of population growth Sub-Saharan Africa will account fastest region (Annual Population Growth Rate on African continent is too much, from 1980 to 2015 the rate is 2.5) of the world in coming decade. There are many causes of population explosion in Africa i.e. early marriage, high birth rate, high illiteracy, failure of government policies, and so on.

In a Sequel, Extraordinary population growth rate created too much problems in whole region. First of all, food insecurity, this region is already facing these problems since previous four decades. Furthermore, low per capita income, pressure of land, conflicts for resources, environmental degradation, massive unemployment, and epidemic diseases. Malthus defined it, ‘there is inverse relationship between high population growth and unemployment.” Thus, high population growth rate of the region created three main problems through a sequence, massive unemployment, regional conflict and food insecurity. About 0.2 billion people added in world population during 2019 to 2050, 1.05 billion (52%) and 237 million (11.85%) could be added in countries of Sub-Saharan Africa and Northern Africa and Western Asia. The too much growth is indicating Africa will face worsen conditions if population growth does not control in coming (Figure 7).

China developmental projects and Africa

Times are varying in worldwide and especially in Africa and Asia. An additional emerging feature of the Africa’s international politicaleconomy is the mounting power in many respects of other developing economies, together with India, Brazil, and obviously China. Currently china is the largest trade partner for the Africa Countries. China’s Export-Import Bank plans to spend over US$1 trillion in the continent by 2025. As well, China has now wanted to surpass the US government in total, infrastructure, developmental, and agricultural R and D funding. Caused by, China has enlarged its presence in Africa’s development. China's development in Africa is not new. In the 1950s, China entered in Africa s. “In the 1960s and 70s (Mao’s era) Chinese developed particular ties with African governments through aid (In the previous 5 decades, more than US$1 trillion in development associated aid has been transferred to Africa from rich countries rest of the world) and development programs.

The Tazara-railway line (Linking Zambia to Tanzanian coast) built China at the cost of nearly $500 million, between 1970 and 1975; it was the most significant emphasis of this period.” In 1999, ‘Go out Policy’ (Going Global Strategy) implemented by China government and buoyant China’s firms from side to side a variety of public financing schemes to invest overseas, surely including Africa. In present movements, China’s overseas investments cover over 132 countries in rest of the world. China has become a most significant source of FDI outflows; according to UN “China raised $81.5 billion of FDI only in 10 years. In 2020, Ethiopia intends to 30 industrial parks (4 parks are already operational), which successfully attracted foreign investment. However, 28,000 jobs have been created. China is concern in finance sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. For this purpose, China is also developing the African Banking sector. In 2000, Bank of China was established first Chinese Bank in Africa, who seized the opportunity to open a branch in Johannesburg and now, swathe business in 20 African countries.

How will China eradicate Africa poverty through projects and policies?

Preliminary investments of China were small, between 1979 and 1990 the volume is $51.9 Million for 102 projects (about $500,000 per project). Chinese businesses rely deeply on government-sponsored support scheme to put on a foothold in domestic African markets. The director of the China Africa Network at the University of Pretoria Martyn Davies said rightly, “Statistics are hard to come by, but China is probably the biggest single investor in Africa,” in the same vein,

“They are the biggest builders of infrastructure. They are the biggest lenders to Africa, and China-Africa trade has just pushed past $100 billion annually.” Moyo writes in her book ‘Dead Aid’ under the title ‘The Chinese are our friends,’ “In the last sixty years, no country has made as big an impact on the political, economic and social fabric of Africa as China has since the turn of the millennium it is not the first time China has been there. One of the lasting monuments to its former presence is the 1,860-km (1,160-mile) railway, built in the 1970s for US$500 million, that connects Zambia, through Tanzania, to the Indian Ocean. Therefore, China invested US$900 million in Africa in 2004, out of the US$15 billion the continent received, up fromUS$20 million in 1975.

Roads in Ethiopia, pipelines in Sudan, railways in Nigeria, power in Ghana – these are just a few of the torrent of billion-dollar projects that China has flooded Africa within the last five years, each one part of a well-orchestrated plan for China to be the dominant foreign force in twenty-first-century Africa.” in the same way, “In an effort to help fast-track Africa’s development, China has in recent years pledged to train 15,000 African professionals, build thirty hospitals and 100 rural schools, and increase the number of Chinese government scholarships to African students from the current 2,000 per year to 4,000 per year by 2009. In 2000, China wrote off US $1.2 billion in African debt. In 2003 it forgave another US$750 million. In 2002, China gave US$1.8 billion in development aid to African countries. In 2006 alone, China signed trade deals worth almost US$60 billion.” According to McKinsey, “Over 10,000 Chinese-owned firms are currently operating throughout the African continent; the value of Chinese business there since 2005 amounts to more than $2 trillion, with $300 billion in investment currently on the table. These Chinese projects, investment and huge trade create new jobs opportunities where these projects are activities.

Future of Africa

It is a reality of our time; Africa’s poverty always uses as an example; like in other part of the world Africa also trying to reduce extreme poverty. According to the Human Security Brief 2006, the number of battle’s deaths in between states wars has reduced from more than 65,000 per year in the 1950s to less than 2,000 per year in current decade (First decade of the 21st century). In fact, from 1990 to 1997 Fourteen out of sixteen intra-wars fought in Africa. In 1992, the continent hosted 46.7 per cent civil war of the world. United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs declared 8 out the 15 complex emergences in Africa since foundation.

African Union (AU) plays a significant role in Africa peace, security and development i.e., UN-AU Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), MONUC in Congo and UNMIS in Southern Sudan. In 1990, about 20 wars were fighting simultaneously in whole continent; in 2010 merely, wars were ongoing. Africa will hold a bright future due to many reasons, AU and UN efforts, reducing inter and intra states conflicts, restoring political stability and world’s powers trying to maintaining peace and stability. Africa is largest and fastest growing market of the world. Therefore, democracies are restoring in more than half region. Like, ‘In African state the multi-party system enlarged from 5 to 35 in last decade (From 1989 to 1998) of 20th century. Therefore, one party state or authoritarian power state in Africa decreased from 29 to 2’. In Africa except Somalia as well as Latin America except Venezuela also become more functional. Still 1980s, Ethiopia was considered as

a symbol of famine-state and absolute poverty state in whole Africa. However, in three decades, it’s increased per capita income 214 per cent.

Likewise, others African states Rwanda and Uganda have also augmented per capita income in a maintainable approach. Prominent Singaporean academician and diplomat Kishore Mahbubani defined the future of Africa, he said that, “Today, Africans and Latin Americans are learning from Asian success stories. In 2008, Kenya launched Vision 2030, an ambitious development programme that was heavily inspired by similar concepts in Singapore and Malaysia. Kenya’s northern neighbor, Ethiopia, has been explicit in its admiration and emulation of South Korea and Taiwan. In 2015, Ethiopian President Mulatu Teshome said, ‘Ethiopia is going through a national renaissance, following Korea’s model of development. “As Swedish physician and epidemiologist Hans Rosling has documented, “In 1950, Europe’s share of the world’s population was 22 per cent, while Africa’s was 9 per cent. By 2050, Europe’s share will have shrunk to 7 per cent, while Africa’s will have exploded to 39 per cent.” Robert I Rotberg defined Africa’s future and China role in his article ‘Africa’s economic prospects, “Africa’s future depends on the growth and development of Chinese economy.

China imports a lot of Africa’s petroleum, iron, and others metals without continued exports to China. In the same way, Africa’s poverty reduction also depends on China, especially when the continent population is swiftly increasing. In 2017, Sub-Saharan African average GDP per capita is $1,553. Entirely, 65 per cent of sub- Saharan Africans receive less than $2 per day. Ethiopia is growing 10 per cent a year as a result of new Chinese-sponsored and Ghana has been growing at 6 per cent Lesotho. With labor exports to South Africa and some textile shipments to the U S, has been growing at more than 4 per cent per annum Growth in Burkina Faso, Senegal and Tanzania have been just under 4 per cent for several years South Africa.” African continent is enormous on market opportunities. Consumer expenditure is estimated to reach $2.1 trillion to $2.5 trillion only in 5 years from 2025 to 2030. The World Bank estimates that, “The African food market alone could be worth $1 trillion by 2030, more than tripling the current $300 million market.” The Military and economic advance and emerging economies (BRICS) of the world to improve governance, schooling, and public management, to reduced corruption and civil conflicts and control terrorism and arms supplies to continent.

Conclusion

The aim of this study is “do China Belt and Road initiative project (anti-poverty) will kick out to poverty and famine from African countries with this project?” This studied investigate with qualitative research strategy and data collected from 6 books and several research articles. Continent Africa is one of the poorest regions of the world. Poverty and famines occur due to many reasons. Since 1950s world emerging and advance economies investing in Africa. Neither remove poverty nor control famine is possible for a single instruction or state, but in 21st century China’s single project ‘Belt and Road Initiative holds this capacity. American and emerging powers established military bases in Africa. Thus, world powers withdrawal troops and closes military bases in Africa. They invest in infrastructure like China. China launched lots of developmental projects worldwide. BRI is one of the largest and worth-able projects of the globe. Estimated cost is more than 1 trillion and covers 68 countries of three continents Asia, Africa and Europe. As a result, more than 1 billion jobs will create direct and indirect. Thus, Chinese developmental projects decline poverty and famines in African along with Asia.

Recommendations

Other countries and institutions of the world learn from China and adopt China like developmental projects in African Continent. Recently China is Guru of investment worldwide.

United Nations is full-flagged implementation of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), because through these goals; we reduce poverty worldwide included Africa.

The world’s arms suppliers are stop buying to arms on Africa countries. Africa (Both North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa) military spending $41.2 billion which is 2.1 share of the world.

Africa countries conduct restores democracy. It possible when every government conduct election. The free and fears elections are removing all other types of government i.e. authoritarian, dictatorship, civilian dictatorship, Kleptocracy etc.

Africa union less dependency on rest of the world, then take a free and fears decision against any decision. Because, she depends on rest of the world; it does not use own powers.

World powers stop resources exploitation of the region. The fundamental and core dilemma of Africa conflicts are resources’ exploitation.

High population growth rate countries adopted effective birth control policies. Due to birth rate more than high population ages 0.1 to 14 years and youth bulge population.

References

1. Acemoglu, Daron, and James Robinson. “The role of institutions in growth and development.” Washington DC: World Bank 10 (2008).

2. Addae-Korankye, Alex. “Causes of poverty in Africa: A review of literature. " Am Int J Social Sci 3 (2014): 147-153.

3. Addaney, Michael. “Strengthening Africa’s adaptive capacity to climate change: African Union law and implications of China’s belt and road policy." Climate Change Hazard Adaptation Option Springer Cham (2020): 481-503.

4. Ahmed, AU, Hill RV, and Smith LC “The world's most deprived: Characteristics and causes of extreme poverty and hunger." Intl Food Policy Res Inst 43 (2007).

5. Ayoub, Catherine, Erin O’Connor, and Gabrielle Rappolt-Schlictmann "Cognitive skill performance among young children living in poverty: Risk, change, and the promotive effects of Early Head Start." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 24 (2009): 289-305.

6. Azzarri, Carlo, and Sara Signorelli. "Climate and poverty in Africa South of the Sahara." World development 125 (2020): 104691.

7. Badibanga, Thaddee, and John Ulimwengu. "Optimal investment for agricultural growth and poverty reduction in the democratic republic of congo a two-sector economic growth model." Applied Economic 5 (2020): 135-155.

8. Bambrick, Hilary. "Resource extractivism, health and climate change in small islands." Int J Climate Change Strategies Management (2017).

9. Barham, Bradford L, Ana P Melo, and Thomas Hertz "Earnings, wages, and poverty outcomes of US farm and low‐skill workers." Applied Economic Perspectives Policy 42 (2020): 307-334.

10. Benabdallah, Lina. "Shaping the future of power: Knowledge production and network-building in China-Africa relations." University of Michigan Press (2020).

11. Bennett, David Harry. "The party of fear: From nativist movements to the New Right in American history." UNC Press Books (1988).

12. Berry, Chris. "Postsocialist cinema in post-Mao China: the cultural revolution after the Cultural Revolution." Routledge (2004).

13. Bikorimana, Gerard, and Sun Shengmin. "Socioeconomic and demographic forecasters of upgraded water and sanitation facilities admittance in Rwanda." Int J of Soc Econ (2019).

14. Bradshaw, Ted K. "Theories of poverty and anti-poverty programs in community development." Community Development 38 (2007): 7-25.

15. Bräutigam, Deborah. "Chinese development aid in Africa: What, where, why, and how much?." Where Why How Much (2011).

16. Brooks, Rosa. "Duck-rabbits and drones: legal indeterminacy in the war on terror." Stan L Pol'y Rev. 25 (2014): 301.

17. Chekalin, Evgeny, Alexandr Rubanovich, and Tatiana V Tatarinova. "Changes in biological pathways during 6,000 years of civilization in Europe." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36 (2019): 127-140.

18. Cole, David. "The Poverty of Posner's Pragmatism: Balancing Away Liberty After 9/11." (2006): 1735.

19. Collado-Nicol, Devyn. "Environmental, Social and Governance Challenges in China Today." Modern China Palgrave Macmillan Cham (2020): 11-27.

20. Criveller, Gianni. "An Overview of the Catholic Church in Post-Mao China." People Communities Catholic Church China (2020): 9-27.

21. Culhane, Dennis, and Stephen Metraux. "One-year rates of public shelter utilization by race/ethnicity, age, sex and poverty status for New York City (1990 and 1995) and Philadelphia (1995)." Population Res Policy Rev 18 (1999): 219-236.

22. Devereux, Stephen. "Famine in the twentieth century."

23. Dhahri, Sabrine, and Anis Omri. "Foreign capital towards SDGs 1 and 2 Ending Poverty and hunger: The role of agricultural production." Structural Change Economic Dynamics 53 (2020): 208-221.

24. Diamond, Larry. "Facing up to the democratic recession." J Democracy 26 (2015): 141-155.

25. Doho, Gilbert. "From literary concept to self-proclaimed state: three generations of Anglophone-Cameroonians at war." J African Literature Association 14 (2020): 216-235.

26. Drake, Brett, and Shanta Pandey. "Understanding the relationship between neighborhood poverty and specific types of child maltreatment." Child abuse and neglect 20 (1996): 1003-1018.

27. Smiley Evans, Tierra, Zhengli Shi, and Michael Boots, et al. "Synergistic China-US ecological research is essential for global emerging infectious disease preparedness." Eco Health 17 (2020): 160-173.

28. Fair, Jo Ellen. "War, famine, and poverty: Race in the construction of Africa's media image." J Communication Inquiry 17 (1993): 5-22.

29. Falkenmark, Malin. "Shift in thinking to address the 21st century hunger gap." Integrated Assessment Water Resources Global Change Springer Dordrecht (2006): 3-18.

30. Filtzer, Donald. "Soviet workers and late Stalinism: Labour and the restoration of the Stalinist system after World War II". Cambridge University Press (2002).

31. Fombad, Charles Manga. "Taming executive authoritarianism in Africa: Some reflections on current trends in horizontal and vertical accountability." Hague J Rule Law 12 (2020): 63-91.

32. Gilpin, Robert. "War and change in world politics". Cambridge University Press (1981).

    [Cross ref] [Google scholar]

33. Gorgens, Tue, Xin Meng, and Rhema Vaithianathan. "Stunting and selection effects of famine: A case study of the Great Chinese Famine." J Development Economic 97 (2012): 99-111.

34. Grada, Cormac O. "Famines past, famine's future." Development change 42 (2011): 49-69.

35. Harber, Clive. "Education, democracy and poverty reduction in Africa." Comparative Education 38 (2002): 267-276.

36. Hickey, Sam, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, and Angelo Izama. "Responding to the commodity boom with varieties of resource nationalism: A political economy explanation for the different routes taken by Africa's new oil producers." Extractive Industries Society 7 (2020): 1246-1256.

37. Hu, Wei, Yuejing Ge, and Qin Dang. "Analysis of the development level of Geo-Economic relations between China and countries along the Belt and Road." Sustainability 12 (2020): 816.

38. Hussain, Ejaz. "CPEC and the belt and road initiative: Economic implications for the Greater Middle East." Asian J Middle Eastern Islamic Studies 14 (2020): 35-50.

39. Isaacson, Nathaniel. "Science and Fiction in Post-Mao China." (2020): 134-137.

40. Johnson, Carter. "From Resistance Movement to Civil War: Why Violence Escalated in Lithuania but not in Moldova during Soviet Annexation (1944–1952)." Europe-Asia Studies 72 (2020): 1232-1256.

41. Jouffray, Jean-Baptiste, Robert Blasiak, and Albert V Norstrom. "The blue acceleration: The trajectory of human expansion into the ocean." One Earth 2 (2020): 43-54.

42. Kajiita, Robert Mutemi, and Simon Murote kang’ethe. "Investing in People and Communities for Social Change: Lessons from Social Enterprises in South Africa." J Progressive Human Services 31 (2020): 126-143.

43. Karabelias, Gerassimos. "Albania: Civil-Military Relations in the Post-Cold War Era." Oxford Research Encyclopedia Politic (2020).

44. Kennedy, David M. Freedom from fear: "The American people in depression and war, 1929-1945". Oxford University Press (1999).

45. Kiiru, Joy M., and Laura Nelima Barasa. "Securing Inclusive Growth: Mentorship and Youth Employment in Kenya." Springer Cham (2020): 145-154.

46. Knight, David W, Wang Nian, and Elaine Chen. "Launching an online graduate degree for tourism management in China: lessons in Chinese-foreign cooperation." J Teaching Travel Tourism 20 (2020): 326-346.

47. Kung, James Kai-sing, and Titi Zhou. "Political elites and hometown favoritism in famine-stricken China." J Comparative Economic 49 (2021): 22-37.

48. Lartey, Anna. "Maternal and child nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and interventions." Proceedings Nutrition Society 67 (2008): 105-108.

49. Liou, Je-Liang, Pei-Chun Hsu, and Pei-Ing Wu. "The effect of China's open-door tourism policy on Taiwan: Promoting or suppressing tourism from other countries to Taiwan?." Tourism Management 78 (2020): 104055.

50. Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y. "The language situation in Africa today." Nordic J African Studies 2 (1993): 11-11.

51. Maca-Meyer, Nicole, Ana M Gonzalez, and Jose Pestan."Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography." BMC genetics 4 (2003): 1-11.

52. Mahbubani, Kishore. "Has the West lost it?: A provocation". Penguin UK (2018).

53. Marcus, Andrea Fleisch, Sandra E Echeverria, and Bart K Holland. "How neighborhood poverty structures types and levels of social integration." American J Community Psychol 56 (2015): 134-144.

54. Maree, Jacobus G. "Reassessing career counseling in Africa in the 21st century: Breathing new life into qualitative approaches." J Psychology Africa 20 (2010): 353-357.

55. Mathews, John A, and Hao Tan. "Progress toward a circular economy in China: The drivers (and inhibitors) of eco‐industrial initiative." J of industrial ecology 15 (2011): 435-457.

56. Mayo, Carolyn M, and Robert Mayo. "Normative nasalance values across languages." Echo 6 (2011): 22-32.

57. Mengara, Daniel. "The Making of a Monarchical Republic: The Undoing of Presidential Term Limits in Gabon Under Omar Bongo." Politics Challenging Presidential Term Limits Africa Palgrave Macmillan Cham (2020): 65-104.

58. Nadakavukaren, Anne, and Jack Caravanos. "Our global environment: A health perspective." Waveland Press 2020.

59. Oguonu, Chika Njideka, and Christian Chukwuebuka Ezeibe. "African union and conflict resolution in Africa." Mediterranean J Social Sci 5 (2014): 325.

60. Onukwuba, Henry O. "Indigenous leadership practices in Africa." Indigenous Management Practices Africa. Emerald Publishing Limited 2018.

61. Paudel, Basanta, Yili Zhang, and Jianzhong Yan. "Farmers’ understanding of climate change in Nepal Himalayas: Important determinants and implications for developing adaptation strategies." Climatic Change 158 (2020): 485-502.

62. Ravallion, Martin. "Evaluating anti-poverty programs." Handbook development economic 4 (2007): 3787-3846.

63. Riskin, Carl. "Seven questions about the Chinese famine of 1959–1961." China Economic Rev 9 (1998): 111-124.

64. Rohrbach, Livia. "Intra-party dynamics and the success of federal arrangements: Ethiopia in comparative perspective." Regional Federal Studies 31 (2021): 475-494.

65. Ross, RS, and Jiang C. (Eds.). "Re-examining the Cold War: US-China Diplomacy".  BRILL (2020):1953-1973. 

66. Ruprah, Inder. "Do Social Housing Programs Increase Poverty? An Empirical Analysis of Shelter Induced Poverty in Latin America". Inter Am Development Bank Office Evaluation Oversight (2010).

67. Saba, Arif, and Shahram Akbarzadeh. "The responsibility to protect and the use of force: An assessment of the just cause and last resort criteria in the case of Libya." Int Peace Keeping 25 (2018): 242-265.

68. Saith, Ashwani. "Poverty lines versus the poor: method versus meaning." Economic and Political Weekly (2005): 4601-4610.

69. Salehyan, Idean, and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. "Refugees and the spread of civil war." Int Organization 60 (2006): 335-366.

70. Sen, Amartya. "Development as freedom (1999)." Globalization Development Reader Perspectives on Development Global Change 525 (2014).

71. Serageldin, Ismail. "Poverty, adjustment, and growth in Africa." Washington DC World Bank 1989.

72. Si, Steven, David Ahlstrom, and Jiang Wei. "Business, entrepreneurship and innovation toward poverty reduction." Entrepreneurship Regional Development 32 (2020): 1-20.

73. Simon, Karla W. "The Regulation of Civil Society Organizations in China-Current Environment and Recent Developments." Int'l J. Civ. Soc'y L. 9 (2011): 55.

74. Slee, Roger. "How do we make inclusive education happen when exclusion is a political predisposition?." Intl J of Inclusive Education 17(2013): 895-907.

75. Spolsky, Bernard. "Language policy in French colonies and after independence." Current Issues Language Planning 19 (2018): 231-315.

76. Sprenger, Sebastian. "Amid German, industry worries Key Army Official Downplays Momentum For MEADS Program In Europe." Inside Missile Defense 21 (2015): 1-7.

77. Sridharan, V. "China, the sleeping lion has woken up, says Xi Jinping." International Business Times (2014).

78. St Clair, David, Mingqing Xu, and Peng Wang. "Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1961." Jama 294 (2005): 557-562.

79. Tauger, Mark B. "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II." British scholar 1 (2009): 166-196.

80. Taylor, Ian. "The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict: Building a Multi-Polar World Order: by Malte Brosig, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan, 2019, 205 pp.,€ 65 (hardcover), ISBN 978-3-030-18536-7." (2020): 265-267.

81. Teferra, Damtew, and Philip G. Altbachl. "African higher education: Challenges for the 21st century." Higher education 47 (2004): 21-50.

82. Tull, Denis M. "China's engagement in Africa: scope, significance and consequences." J Modern African Studies 44 (2006): 459-479.

83. Ullah, Assad, Xinshun Zhao, and Muhammad Abdul Kamal. "Modeling the relationship between military spending and stock market development (a) symmetrically in China: An empirical analysis via the NARDL approach." Physica Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 554 (2020): 124106.

84. Nations, U. "UN Projects World Population to Reach 8.5 Billion by 2030." Driven by Growth in Developing Countries, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs New York, NY (2013).

85. Van de Looy, Judith, and Leo de Haan. "Africa and China: A strategic partnership?." Institute Defence Studies and Analysis Strategic Analysis 30 (2006): 562-575.

86. Van Everdingen, Yvonne, Jos Van Hillegersberg, and Eric Waarts. "Enterprise resource planning: ERP adoption by European midsize companies." Communications of the ACM 43 (2000): 27-31.

87. Volman, Daniel. "US to create new regional military command for Africa: AFRICOM." Review African Political Economy 34 (2007): 737-744.

88. Wang, June, and Xu Zhang. "The geopolitics of knowledge circulation: The situated agency of mimicking in/beyond China." Eurasian Geography and Economics 61(2020): 740-762.

89. Wang, Yongqing. "Causes of US-China trade imbalances: A review." J Chinese Economic Foreign Trade Studies (2020).

90. Watkins, Kevin, and Maria Quattri. "Child poverty, inequality and demography: why sub-Saharan Africa matters for the Sustainable Development Goals." London: ODI-Overseas Development Institute (2016).

91. Weiss, Harvey. "Late third millennium abrupt climate change and social collapse in West Asia and Egypt." In Third millennium BC climate change Old World collapse Springer Berlin Heidelberg (1997): 711-723.

92. Wolf, Siegfried O. "Afghanistan Within the BRI Vision and the Feasibility of Enlarging the CPEC." In The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative. Springer, Cham (2020): 261-280.

93. Wood, Donald F, Anthony Barone, and Paul Murphy. "Logistics of famine relief." In Int Logistics. Springer, Boston, MA (1995): 325-338.

94. Yang, Jin, Jian Huang, and Yanhua Deng. "The rise of red private entrepreneurs in China: Policy shift, institutional settings and political connection." China Economic Review 61 (2020): 101431.

95. Yang, Yuping, and Xiaodong Guo. "Universal basic education and the vulnerability to poverty: Evidence from compulsory education in rural China." J Asia Pacific Economy 25 (2020): 611-633.

96. Yi, Xingyang, Hua Luo, and Ju Zhou. "Prevalence of stroke and stroke related risk factors: A population based cross sectional survey in southwestern China." BMC neurology 20 (2020): 1-10.

97. Zezza, Alberto, and Luca Tasciotti. "Urban agriculture, poverty, and food security: Empirical evidence from a sample of developing countries." Food policy 35 (2010): 265-273.

98. Zhang, Xiaoling. "How ready is China for a China-style world order? China's state media discourse under construction." Ecquid Novi: African J Studies 34 (2013): 79-101.

99. Zhang, Y, and Zhu Q. "RMB Internationalization in Relation to the Belt and Road Initiative. " The Belt and Road Initiative: Opportunities and Challenges of a Chinese Economic Ambition, (2020):122.

100. Zhao, Hong. "China’s Oil Venture in Africa." East Asia 24 (2007): 399-415.

101. Zhu, Feng, Xu Wu, and Yuee Gao. "Decomposition analysis of decoupling freight transport from economic growth in China." Transportation Res Part D Transport and Environ 78 (2020): 102201.