An Editorial Note on Vitamin D Deficiency

Basma Alathari^*
*Correspondence: Basma Alathari, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Accra Road, Kumasi, Ghana, Email:

Editorial

There has been spurt in the opinion of Vitamin D insufficiency cases in the country. As there are lacks of data for reference ranges for Indian population for Vitamin D situations, numerous times clinicians face the dilemma of treating cases who have ample Sun exposure and have low Vitamin D situations. There is also lack of guidelines for bastion of food in the country as well as testing methodologies. All these factors may contribute to over enthusiastic treatment of cases causing hyperactive vitamin sis D. There's immediate need for multidisciplinary approach for opinion, treatment restorative and preventative strategies so that a balance is maintained among those who authentically bear Vitamin D supplementation and those who don't need [1].

Vitamin D the fat-answerable Vitamin is pivotal for calcium homeostasis and its metabolites is an integral part of Calcium Vitamin D-Parathyroid hormone endocrine axis. Vitamin D is the only Vitamin that can be synthesized in skin upon exposure to Sun. It's estimated that nearly 1 billion people worldwide have vitamin D insufficiency. As per the International osteoporosis foundation regarding the frequence of Vitamin D insufficiency the numbers stand at 96 in babes, 95 in healthy academy girls, 78 in healthy sanitarium staff and 84 in pregnant women.

In a study from South India by Harinarayan, 76 of women of reproductive age group and 70 of post-menopausal women were set up to be Vitamin D deficient. analogous studies from luck now have shown that84.3 civic and83.6 pastoral women suffer from Vitamin D insufficiency whereas from Kashmir nearly 58.5 of grown-ups were set up to be Vitamin D deficient [2].

There are substantially three sources of Vitamin D-sun exposure, salutary input and pharmaceutical supplementation. veritably many foods in nature contain vitamin D. The meat of adipose fish similar as salmon, tuna, and mackerel and fish liver canvases are among the stylish sources. Small quantities of vitamin D are set up in beef liver, rubbish, and egg thralldom. Vitamin D in these foods is primarily in the form of vitamin D3 and its metabolite 25(OH)D3 Some mushrooms give vitamin D2 in variable quantities. Vitamin D (D representing D2 OR D3 or both) after ingestion is absorbed from intestine and transported by chylomicrons into lymphatic system and latterly in venous blood. Vitamin D synthesized in skin or the one absorbed from diet is biologically inert. It undergoes hydroxylation in liver by Vitamin D25 hydroxylase to 25(OH) D. It's also farther hydroxylated in feathers by 25(OH) D- α OHase (CYP27B1) to form Vit D 1, 25(OH)2 D (active Vit D) 25(OH)2D pussycats on nuclear receptors of cells and stimulates intestinal calcium immersion [3].

The active Vitamin D stimulates osteoblasts to induce immature monocytes to come mature osteoclasts which dissolve the matrix and rally calcium and other minerals from shell, further stimulates calcium reabsorption from glomerular filtrate 25 (OH) 2 D functions include cellular proliferation, stimulation of insulin product, inhibition of rennin product and stimulation of catechecolamine product. It enhances the expression of 25(OH) 2 D Vitamin D- 24 OH ase (CYP24R) to metabolize 25 (OH) 2D and (OH)2 D into water answerable inactive forms. Vitamin D situations lower than 20ng/ ml are considered to be deficient state as per the recommendations of Institute of Medicine IOM. As veritably many foods contain naturally being Vitamin D, the major source of Vitamin D for children and grown-ups remains sun exposure. The use of sunscreen with sun protection factor of 30 reduces Vitamin D conflation in the skin by further than 95. Dark skin tone has natural sun protection and bear 3 to 5 times longer exposure to make same quantum of Vitamin D as a person of white skin tone. Vitamin D insufficiency in India has been defined as situations lower than 20 ng/ ml and insufficiency for situations between 21- 29 ng/ ml [4]

The recommended salutary input of Vitamin D for children aged 0-1 time is 400 IU/ d (1 IU = 25 ng), grown-ups 19-50 time is at least IU/ d, for 50-70-year 600 IU/d, for 70 time grown-ups 800 IU/d and for pregnant & lactating women 600 IU/d. Major source of Vitamin D is vulnerable sun exposure still enterprises about carcinoma and other types of skin cancers necessitate avoidance of inordinate exposure to noon sun. There is plethora of substantiation to suggest Vitamin D supplementation especially suggests Vitamin D supplementation especially for people living above 330 authorizations. The substantiation suggests that children and grown-ups should maintain a blood position of 25 (OH) D above 20 ng/ml to help rickets and osteomalachia [5].

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

1. Ross, A. Catharine, JoAnn E. Manson, Steven A. Abrams and Patsy M. Brannon, et al. "The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know." J Clin Endocrinol Met 96 (2011): 53-58.

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2. Sachan, Alok, Renu Gupta, Vinita Das and Vijayalakshmi Bhatia. "High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India." Am J Clin Nutr 81 (2005): 1060-1064.

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3. Zhou, Jessica C. Tay, Paul B. Watkins, Bruce Blumberg and Kenneth E. Thummel, et al. "Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia." J Clin Investig 116 (2006): 1703-1712.

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4. Holick, Michael F., Neil Binkley, Mary K. Beard and Anne E. De Papp. "Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal North American women receiving osteoporosis therapy." J Clin Endocrinol Met 90 (2005): 3215-3224.

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5. Grant, William B., Heide S. Cross, Cedric F. Garland and Armin Zittermann, et al. "Estimated benefit of increased vitamin D status in reducing the economic burden of disease in western Europe." Prog Biophys Mol Biol 99 (2009): 104-113.

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