Applications and Characterization of Effective Removal of Dyes

Saveda Jara^*
*Correspondence: Saveda Jara, Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, Email:

Keywords

HCP • Xylene • Morphology • FDA • Cross linking • Structure • Dyes removal • Prussian blue

Introduction

Hyper cross linked polymer

Due to their numerous uses in separation, including heterogeneous catalysis and gas collection, the porous materials with surprisingly high floor space enchant scientists. Scientists have developed a variety of innovative porous materials over the past several decades, including metal organic networks (MOFs), covalent organic networks (COFs), micro absorbent organic polymers (MOFs) and metal organic networks (MOFs). Due to their distinctive characteristics, such as their large floor area, thin skeletal structure and high chemical strength, MOPs stand out among all of these. The first forms of MOPs were "Davankov resins," which are styrene-brand polymers that have been hypercross linked via the Friedel-Crafts reaction. These materials have undergone extensive study and began to enter production at the end of the 1990s. Hyper cross-linked polymers (HCPs) are a class of everlasting microporous polymer materials that were first proposed by Davankov and are now receiving increasing levels of scientific attention. Because of their numerous benefits, including as various synthetic methods, straightforward fictionalisation, broad surfaces, low cost chemicals and benign operating conditions, HCPs have been rapidly expanding in recent years. Sensible monomer selection, appropriate cross linker length and reaction optimization created perceptive polymer structures with a familiar porous topology [1]. Later, the development of the network results in the incorporation of various chemical functions, which may also enable amazing qualities and expand the scope of a particular application. Until now, several HCPs have been primed using external cross linking techniques, poly self-condensation, or post-cross linking precursors based on polystyrene. Chemists have developed specific porous polymer frameworks with modified micro-morphology and capabilities as a result of the development of these technologies [2].

Structure of hyper cross linked polymer

Three-dimensional polystyrene networks are widely employed in both industrial technologies and laboratory investigations as the core of many sorbents. In large part, polystyrene networks were necessary because to their simple synthesis, availability of primary resources, possibility of modifying physical constitution in significant limitations and equipped features of sorbents. In the vast majority of situations, divinyl-benzene (DVB) is used as the crosslinking agent in these networks [3].

Conventional networks

Now-a-days, the major class of networks of polymers are illustrated by copolymers of styrene along with DVB. These are divided into two main groups.

Homogeneous networks

In this kind of network, styrene copolymers with DVB or other divinyl monomers are created using the radical copolymerization of monomers in the absence of a solvent. Because of the way in which these frameworks differ from bespoke structures, these copolymers are typically accepted as "standard" materials. They are also known as gel-type polymers due to their structure. Through the copolymerization of monomers with inert diluents that solvated the polymer, homogeneous structural frameworks are created. Contrarily, the solvent is a necessary condition for the arrangement of gel structures in this technique and the cross-linking agent is only used in very little amounts [4]. Styrene copolymer frameworks that are created during the radical, link bridge copolymerization of divinyl benzene generally have negative effects on the characteristics of sorbents drawn on gel-type copolymers [5]. When the crosslinking bridges are added inside the framework through alteration of polymeranalogous, for example, within the chloro-methylation of weakly cross-linked styrene and DVB copolymers, evenly cross-linked homogenous structures can be generated.

When styrene is copolymerized with a sizable amount of divinylbenzene and an inert diluent that liquefies the monomers but heaps the resulting copolymer, heterogeneous networks are created. In the process of copolymerization, the reaction components are generally uniformly blended into two forms: a cross-linked polymer and an uncontaminated solvent. After solvent removal, the visible pore system is enclosed in a copolymer that has undergone extensive cross-linking. Some solvents were able to fill the gaps' aperture volumes without adding much to the polymer's overall volume.

Applications

Preparation of dye solution: First, 50 ml of pure water was dissolved with 5 mg of the dye (methyl blue, acid orange 74 and nigrosine). After that, the solution was transferred to a 100 ml volumetric flask and pure water was added while waiting for the tick mark to appear. After that, transfer 10 ml of freshly made dye solution into a glass vial with a capacity of 20 ml. The dye solution was then supplemented with HCP nanoparticles. The vial is then sealed and given a five-minute, vigorous shock. Vial held for five minutes after shaking. The colour of the dye solution began to fade. Due to HCP's hydrophobic properties and low density, practically all nanoparticles began to float on the solution surface.

Filtrate was obtained after the mixes had been filtered. Then, it was contrasted with untreated dyes. This has demonstrated that the dye solution filtrate was clearer and more colourless than the others. Which demonstrates that it takes the HCP nanoparticles about 15 minutes to entirely remove the colours.

In case of Prussian dye: The Prussian blue solution was tested using the same approach, demonstrating that the colour of Prussian blue's filtrate is less faded than that of other filtrated dyes solutions. This demonstrated that Prussian blue was still present in solution and had not been adsorbed onto HCP nanoparticles.

Reason

Prussian blue did not contain any benzene rings, however the structure of filtrate dye indicates that their structure consists of benzene rings. It demonstrates that nanoparticles of HCP having benzene rings exhibited quick and selective adsorption toward colours contains benzene rings.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, the Davankov-type HCP nanoparticles had been effectively created using the crosslinking process that typically uses an adsorbent and a precursor thereafter. The produced HCP nanoparticles showed great methanol stability in addition to in boiling water as well as a quick adsorption capability to the dyes made up of benzene rings due to HCP's strong hydrophobicity. HCPs with nanoparticles and highly conjugated structures with various pore sizes brief outstanding possibility of huge hydrophobic long-chain n-alkanes and dyes containing benzene. The research done to help HCPs can be used as a promising adsorbent for dyes and other adsorption-related applications.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

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