Biomedical Studies to Treat Rectal Cancer

William Paul^*
*Correspondence: William Paul, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Bolzano, Italy, Email:

Introduction

Cancer that starts in the rectum is known as rectal cancer. The last few inches of the large intestine are known as the rectum. It begins at the end of your colon's final section and terminates when it reaches the anus's short, narrow passage. Cancer inside the rectum (rectal cancer) and cancer inside the colon (colon cancer) are often referred to together as colorectal cancer. In many ways, rectal and colon cancers are similar, yet their therapies are vastly different. This is due to the fact that the rectum occupies a small space, barely distinguishable from other organs and structures. Rectal cancer surgery can be difficult due to the limited space [1].

Description

The alterations tell the cells to grow out of control and to live even when healthy cells would die. A tumour can arise as a result of the accumulated cells. Cancer cells can grow large enough to penetrate and destroy healthy tissue nearby over time. Cancerous cells can also break off and spread to other places of the body (metastasize). It's unclear what causes the mutations that cause rectal cancer to occur in most cases. Colorectal cancer screening lowers cancer risk by detecting precancerous polyps in the colon and rectum that could turn cancerous. Inquire with your doctor about when you should start screening. Screening should begin at the age of 45 or sooner, according to most medical organisations [2].

Rectal cancer is a condition that affects the rectum and causes cancer cells to grow there. Diarrhea, constipation, or blood in your poop is all symptoms of rectal cancer. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are all options for treatment. Rectal cancer is treatable, especially if caught early by screening measures such as colonoscopy. The large intestine, also known as the big gut, is made up of the rectum and colon. The rectum connects the colon to the anus and is the last six inches of the big bowel. Colorectal cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in the United States, and it affects the rectum and/or colon. Because they have many characteristics and are treated similarly, the two malignancies are classed together. For some people, active surveillance may be an option if rectum cancer is detected early. During active surveillance, a doctor keeps a close eye on the patient for indicators of cancer progression. During active surveillance, patients may be subjected to a digital rectal examination, MRI, and/or colonoscopy [3].

Many rectal cancers have no symptoms and are only discovered through routine screenings. Changes in bowel patterns, such as constipation or diarrhoea, narrow-shaped stools, or blood in the stool, are the most prevalent rectal cancer signs. You may also have pelvic or lower abdominal pain, weight loss that isn't explained, or a constant feeling of exhaustion. The same symptoms can be caused by other prevalent health issues. Hemorrhoids do not cause rectal cancer, but they might create symptoms that are comparable. Anyone experiencing these symptoms should see a doctor as soon as possible to be diagnosed and treated. Abdominal pain and weight loss are common late signs that indicate the presence of a serious illness [4,5].

Conclusion

While the specific cause of rectal cancer is unknown, malignant tumours form when abnormal cells multiply and expand out of control. These cells have the ability to infiltrate healthy tissue and kill it. It's not always clear what triggers this process. Some hereditary gene mutations have been linked to an increased risk of rectal cancer. Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), often known as Lynch syndrome, is one of these. This condition increases the risk of colon and other cancers considerably. Your doctor may suggest that you have your colon removed as a preventative step in some circumstances. Familial adenomatous polyposis is another hereditary disease that can lead to rectal cancer (FAP). Polyps can form in the lining of the colon and rectum due to this unusual illness.

References

1. Lu, Hong, Hao Zhang, Mei‐lin Weng and Jin Zhang, et al. "Morphine promotes tumorigenesis and cetuximab resistance via EGFR signaling activation in human colorectal cancer." J Cellul Physiol 236 (2021): 4445-4454.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Iranpour, Sonia, Ahmad Reza Bahrami, Amir Sh Saljooghi and Maryam M. Matin. "Application of smart nanoparticles as a potential platform for effective colorectal cancer therapy." Coordinat Chem Rev 442 (2021): 213949.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Morris, Eva J.A., Raphael Goldacre, Enti Spata and Marion Mafham, et al. "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the detection and management of colorectal cancer in England: A population-based study." Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 6 (2021): 199-208.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Yang, Yu-Chen SH, Po-Jui Ko, Yi-Shin Pan and Hung-Yun Lin, et al. "Role of thyroid hormone-integrin αvβ3-signal and therapeutic strategies in colorectal cancers." J Biomed Sci 28 (2021): 1-13.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Henriksen, Tenna Vesterman, Noelia Tarazona, Amanda Frydendahl and Thomas Reinert, et al. "Circulating tumor DNA in stage III colorectal cancer, beyond minimal residual disease detection, toward assessment of adjuvant therapy efficacy and clinical behavior of recurrences." Clin Cancer Res 28 (2022): 507-517.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref