Chinas Oil and Gas Production Engineering Technologys Progress and Prospects

S Sergio^*
*Correspondence: S Sergio, Department of Information Systems, University of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal, Email:

Description

This paper discusses the significant advancements made in the field of oil and gas production engineering during China's "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan," examines the difficulties that the industry currently faces in terms of technological adaptability, digital construction, energy efficiency, and emission reduction, and suggests a course of action for the industry's subsequent development. Separated-layer injection, artificial lift, reservoir stimulation, gas well de-watering, and workover are five major technologies that have made significant progress during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period. These technologies provide crucial technical support for the continuous potential tapping of mature oilfields and profitable production of new oilfields. Oil and gas production engineering faces significant difficulties in three areas as a result of the complex international political and economic situation at the moment: Oil and gas production encounters an increase in technical difficulties, digital transformation sees little progress, and core technical support for energy savings and emission reduction is lacking. Oil stabilization and gas enhancement, digital transformation, and green and low-carbon development are the three major strategic directions and implementation paths outlined in this paper. In order to provide engineering technical support for the transformation, upgrading, and high-quality development of China's oil and gas industry, the five key research areas of fine separated-layer injection technology, high efficiency artificial lift technology, fine reservoir stimulation technology, long term gas well de-watering technology, and intelligent workover technology are listed [1,2].

Due to their dominance of the market, public-sector providers are essential to Saudi Arabia's healthcare industry. As a result, healthcare spending is primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Health (MOH). According to the Saudi government is responsible for approximately 75% of the country's total healthcare expenditures. However, imports play a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry at the same time; foremost the patented high-tech drugs. The Saudi Food and Drug Authority (FDA) oversee drug marketing and prohibit the sale of any pharmaceutical product that does not meet the licensing requirements of the nation. In addition, there is a strict price control policy in place with the goal of limiting both public and private spending on generic, branded and over-the-counter (OTC) medications. In order to provide local data on adverse drug reports (ADRs), the centre was an integral part of the Saudi Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and collaborated with the WHO Uppsala Monitoring centre. Pharmacoepidemiology is important for health care because it helps find the right balance between the benefits and risks of drugs and products and is a great tool for creating a risk/benefit balance profile. The ADRs in Saudi Arabia and ways to avoid them will be better understood with the assistance of pharmacoepidemiology research. The present state of pharmacoepidemiology and post-marketing surveillance in Saudi Arabia, as well as their potential futures, are the subjects of this study. Pharmacological epidemiological studies benefit significantly from methodological differences. In order to conduct a literature review of the primary studies that have been published in the chosen area of research, the current study employs a qualitative research design [3].

A combination of these keywords was used in the literature search to locate peer-reviewed articles. The search excluded all other countries and was restricted to articles that specifically dealt with pharmacoepidemiology in Saudi Arabia. A qualitative review study specifically focusing on Saudi Arabia's pharmacoepidemiology is formed by this method. The inclusion criteria were met by approximately 13 studies on Saudi Arabia's pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance challenges. Pharmacovigilance for hospitals, communities, prescription drugs and regulatory bodies were all part of the search. The purpose of the paper was addressed by selecting a number of potential studies. An overview of Saudi Arabia's current pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance status was provided by the chosen studies; However, the relevant studies that have been conducted have a rather narrow scope. Regarding the current state of pharmacoepidemiology research in Saudi Arabia, there is scant evidence. Contributors from Saudi Arabia view it as a collective effort by various stakeholders to encourage the population to use medicines safely and effectively. The author has emphasized the necessity of expanding pharmacovigilance research, which has not yet received the anticipated level of attention in Saudi Arabia, particularly from authorization holders and healthcare professionals. In order to establish drug safety in any nation, pharmacoepidemiology is essential. It serves as a fundamental platform for information exchange, communication and dissemination to the relevant authorities. It is obvious that the idea has just been as of late evolved and is in its underlying stages. Despite their potential, the initiatives need to be developed and established further in order to achieve their ultimate goals. In order to comment on the current research status of pharmacoepidemiology and post-marketing surveillance and ultimately pharmacovigilance in Saudi Arabia, the study incorporated peer-reviewed articles from well-known databases and synthesized data [4,5].

Conclusion

As a result, the research that has been done in Saudi Arabia on pharmacoepidemiology and post-marketing surveillance has only produced a small amount of data. This issue has been considered a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and has been discussed from a variety of perspectives. Enhancing the procedure of an ADRs reporting system has the potential to broaden the scope of the current body of research. Nationally, additional research should be carried out on a larger scale. To elaborate on the current state of research on the subjects covered in this study, precise statistics are required. This would indicate the appropriate dimension for researchers to use in order to disseminate pertinent data that could help them succeed in the future. In addition, it is suggested that all regulatory authorities must demonstrate a deliberate interest in investigating ADRs that are uncommon and not listed, particularly for medications that are just being introduced. This will encourage pharmaceutical companies to implement pharmacovigilance and may further enhance the reporting system process. The outcome would be a report on the pharmacoepidemiological impact of the newly launched products.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

References

1. Dhaliwal, Dan S., Oliver Zhen Li, Albert Tsang and Yong George Yang. "Voluntary nonfinancial disclosure and the cost of equity capital: The initiation of corporate social responsibility reporting."Account Rev86 (2011): 59-100.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Dhaliwal, Dan S., Suresh Radhakrishnan, Albert Tsang and Yong George Yang. "Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure."Account Rev 87 (2012): 723-759.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

3. Van Beurden, Pieter and Tobias Gössling. "The worth of values–a literature review on the relation between corporate social and financial performance."J Bus Ethics 82 (2008): 407-424.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

4. Cheung,Yan Leung, Weiqiang Tan, Hee-Joon Ahn and Zheng Zhang. "Does corporate social responsibility matter in Asian emerging markets?."J Bus Ethics 92 (2010): 401-413.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

5. Elliott, W. Brooke, Kevin E. Jackson, Mark E. Peecher and Brian J. White. "The unintended effect of corporate social responsibility performance on investors estimates of fundamental value."Account Rev89 (2014): 275-302.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at