Comparative Anti-Microbial Activity Analysis of Ixora coccinea and Datura metel

Spoornima Krishnan^*, M Priya, H Jaya Ganga, V Malliga and K Yaazhini
^*Correspondence: Spoornima Krishnan, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur, Chennai, India, Email:

Keywords

Ixora coccinea • Datura metel • Leaf extract • Solvents • Anti-bacterial activity • Escherichia coli • Staphylococcus aureus

Introduction

As per the World Health Organization (WHO) [1], 70%-80% of the total populace relies upon customary medication for their medical services needs. Natural medications have been being used since well before present day medication existed. The utilization of plants to fix a few sorts of human infections has a long history. Treatment with therapeutic plants [2] is considered very safe as there is no or minimum side effects. The traditional medicinal systems such as unani, ayurveda, Chinese, European and Mediterian cultures systematically and officially used. These medicinal plants for over 4000 years as medicine. Because of greater accessibility, cost affectivity and non-poisonous nature, these medications are acceptable wellspring of remedial specialists. Against microbial, for example, hostile to bacterial, against contagious, against viral properties are utilized to diminish the quantity of diseases [3-10]. Ixora coccinea and Datura metel were used. Ixora coccinea belongs to the Rubiaceae family.

Ixora is also known as “West Indian Jasmine”. In the Ixora coccinea, the flowers, leaves, stem, root, bark are used to treat various ailments in traditional system of Indian medicine. Here, the pink colour of the flowering plant was used. The leaves are used to treat acne, ulcers etc., the flower and roots are used to treat the dysentery, fever, hiccups and so on. In old times, it was a habit of applying oil boiled with crushed Ixora flower to cure unhealed wounds [11-13]. Another plant of the Datura metel belongs to the Solanaceae family. Leaves and flowers of Datura metel are the source as drug, used to treat the asthma and whooping cough. Many infections and diseases were treated by using Datura metel plant. An excess will cause migraine, queasiness, spewing and influence the focal sensory system causing side effects including mind flights, transient cognitive decline, and extreme lethargies and so on Datura metel is likewise utilized as a pesticide. Seed is blended in with sorghum flour are utilized as toxin lure for oats.

Materials and Methods

Collection of plant materials

The Ixora coccinea and Datura metel leaves were selected based on their medicinal importance and collected from our University campus and dump side of Tambaram railway station respectively.

Cold extraction

The collected leaves were rinsed with distilled water for the removal of unwanted constituents. The rinsed leaves dried at 37ᵒC for a week under sun shade. After a week, the leaf was powdered individually using mortar and pestle. 50 grams of dried powder was taken and extracted with 100 ml of methanol (80%) uninterruptedly up to 48 h by associated with intermittent shaking and stirring [14]. The mixtures were then filtered through Whatmann filter paper respectively. The filtered solvent extracts were evaporated for dryness using hot air oven at the temperature of 65ᵒC. One gram of each concentrated solvent extracts were dissolved in 9 ml of methanol and stored at refrigerator (4ᵒC) for further research work use.

Collection of microbial culture

The pure culture of pathogenic organisms of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli were obtained from King’s Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Guindy, Chennai for the current research work. The antimicrobial property of the extract was tested separately on bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus [15-23] and Escherichia coli [24] byIxora coccinea and Datura metel [25].

Prepartaion of standard culture inoculum

0.65 g of nutrient broth was taken and it was poured into the 50 ml distilled water in a conical flask and sterilized in autoclave. A loop full of two strains were inoculated in the broth separately for the maintenance of mother culture. The inoculated culture was incubated in shaker incubator in the room temperature for its growth. The bacterial strains were maintained in the refrigerator and sub- cultured for every 72 hrs for their nativity.

Determination of antimicrobial property by agar well diffusion method

1.4 g of nutrient agar was dissolved in 50 ml of distilled water. The agar was melted and sterilized in autoclave. The petriplates were sterilized and kept in laminar airflow chamber to reach room temperature. Then agar was poured in the petriplates and wells were punctured aseptically by a sterile cock borer to test antibacterial activity of leaf extract against the bacterial strains by the agar well diffusion method. 7 μl of bacterial culture was poured on the plates. The culture was then evenly spread using sterile L-rod by spread plate technique. Methanol was used as a positive control whereas isopropyl alcohol was used as negative control. Methanol and isopropyl alcohol were macerated with leaf extracts to maintain positive and negative controls. The leaf extracts of 7 μl with solvents were poured on each well. The plates were incubated at 37ᵒC for 24 hrs. Antimicrobial activity was estimated by measuring the Zone of Inhibition against the pathogenic organisms [25].

Results and Discussions

The results for the antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains showed distinct with the leaf extracts of Ixora coccinea and Datura metel (Table 1). Though cow urine leaf extract did not show much activity against bacteria which means that the cow urine remained indolent with all strains in agar diffusion method. Among four solvent extracts, two solvent extracts such as acetone of 11.8 ± 0.64, methanol of 10.1 ± 0.17 had shown great activity against microbial strains, while propanol had shown moderate significance. The strain of E. coli had shown high sensitive to Ixora coccinea extracts than S. aureus. The Staphylococcus aureus had shown high sensitive to Datura metel extracts. The Acetone leaf extract of Datura metel had shown inhibition of 15.3 ± 0.27 mm against S. aureus and methanol extract with 12.1 ± 0.12 mm, whereas propanol inhibited with 10 ± 0.61 mm of zone respectively.

From the Figure 1, it was observed that the best zone of inhibition formation of 29.8 ± 0.64 mm was observed in the case of Ixora coccinea against the bacterial strain of Escherichia coli whereas Datura metel had shown good anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus by the inhibition zone formation of 15.3 ± 0.27 mm. The antimicrobial activity of various types of Ixora species can measure up to the current concentrate as there are a few contrasts in the outcome. Past reports showed that the leaves of different types of Ixora have huge antimicrobial movement [9,19,23] and in our current work the leaves of I.chinensis, I.lutea, I. coccinea showed no antimicrobial action while the leaves of I.parviflora showed huge antimicrobial action. The contrasts between these outcomes may be because of the distinctions in the convergence of the concentrates utilized for the test. It can likewise be expressed that as the concentrate of I.parviflora showed solid antimicrobial movement, even with the centralization of 0.24 mg/ml, this plant should have some significant synthetic constituents capable to apply an antimicrobial impact. Plant auxiliary metabolites are logically demonstrated synthetic constituents liable for applying antimicrobial properties of plant removes. Past investigates the phytochemical screening of this plant have discovered the presence of flavonoids, tannin, saponins, sweet-smelling oil, unsaturated fat and a great deal of other phytoconstituents in them so it very well may be corresponded with the current review. Because of the absence of exhaustive clinical investigations and restricted toxicological information accessible, the protected and successful utilization of therapeutic plant is troublesome. Ixora plants are exceptionally known and confided in restorative plants in the customary arrangement of medication. Further assessment of different pieces of this plant for antimicrobial movement with in vivo assessment and filtration of the dynamic mixtures with help of poisonousness investigations of different concentrates from Ixora species are recommended.

Conclusion

From the above examination, it tends to be inferred that agar well dissemination strategy was utilized to decide the antimicrobial movement of restorative plants. Hereby, the plant extracts have shown the zone of inhibition against pathogenic strain of E. coli and staphylococcus aureus. During the test, the positive and negative controls were utilized for the treatment. In the relative investigation uncovers that the zone of hindrance of E. coli was higher than that of Staphylococcus aureus. Though in Datura metel, the near investigation uncovers that the zone of restraint of staphylococcus aureus was higher than that of E. coli.

These results showed that Escherichia coli have an excellent susceptibility against Ixora coccinea, wherein Staphylococcus aureus showed susceptibility against Datura metel. The auxiliary studies could be started to interpret the action mechanism of antimicrobial effect in order to detect the active ingredients which in turn can be utilized in drug development since medicinal plants have been used for treating ailments in health system.

Acknowledgement

The authors were thankful to the Department of Industrial Biotechnology for providing the laboratory to carry out the research work.

References

1. WHO. "Resolution Promotion and Development of Training and Research in Traditional Medicine." (1977): 49.
2. Srinivasan, D, Sangeetha Nathan, T Suresh, and P Lakshmana Perumalsamy. "Anti-Microbial Activity of certain Indian Medicinal Plants used in Folkloric Medicine."  J Ethnopharmacol 3 (2001): 217-220.
3. Prachayasittikul,Supaluk, Prasit Buraparuangsang, Apilak Worachartcheewan and Somsak Ruchirawat et al. "Anti-Microbial and Anti-Oxidative Activities of Bioactive Constituents from Hydnophytum Formicarum Jack." Mol (2008): 904-921.
4. Tambekatr, DH and M A Kharate. “Studies on Anti-Microbial Properties of Leaves Extract of some Edible Plants”. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol Environ Sci 7 (2005): 867- 872.
5. Sanyogita, Deshmukh, Shraddha S, Rajgure and Sangita P Ingole. “Anti-Fungal Activity of Cow Urine”.2012: 27-30.
6. Parekh, J and Chanda S. “In vitro Anti-Bacterial Activity of Crude Methanol Extract of Wood for Diafruticosa Kurz Flower (Lythacease).” Braz J Microbiol (2007):2.
7. Akinpelu, DA and Onakoya TM. “Anti-Microbial Activities of Medicinal Plants used in Folklore Remedies in South-Western Nigeria Afr.” J Biotechnol 5 (2006): 1078-1081
8. Jigna, Parekh, D Jadeja and Sumitra Chanda.” Efficacy of Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of some Medicinal Plants for Potential Anti-Bacterial Activity.” Tur J Bio 29 (2005): 203-210.
9.  Swamy, Mallappa Kumara, Greetha Arumugam, Ravinder Kaur and Ali Ghasemzadeh, et al. “GC-MS Based Metabolite Profiling, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Microbial Properties of Different Solvent Extracts of Malaysian Plectranthus Amboinicus Leaves.”Evi-Bas Comple Alternative Med (2017).
10.  MJS, Pratap Gowd, Kumar MG Manoj, Shankar AJ Sai and B Sujatha et al. “Evalution of Three Medicinal Plants for Anti-Microbial Activity.” J Med 33 (2012): 423.
11. Adegoke, Sharafa Bello, Tawakalt Adedayo Ayofe, Mohammed Faridat Yakub and Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu. “Comparative Analysis of the Anti-Microbial Potential of Stem and Fruit Extracts of Calotropis Procera”. Phar Res 12 (2020): 368.
12.  Ramzi, Mothana AA and Ulrike Lindequist. “Anti-Microbial Activity of some Medicinal Plants of the Island Soqotra”. J Ethnopharmacol 96 (2005): 177-181.
13.  Rios, Jose-Luis and Maria Carmen. “Recio Medicinal Plants and Anti-Microbial Activity”. J Ethanopharmacol 100 (2005): 80-84.
14. Rajesh, Dabur, Amita Gupta, TK Mandal and Desh Deepak Singh et al. “Anti-Microbial Activity of some Indian Medicinal Plants”. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 4(2007): 313-318.
15. Jigna, Parekh and Sumitra Chanda. “In Vitro Anti-Microbial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of some Indian Medicinal Plants.” Turkish J Bio 31(2007): 53-58.
16. Rosario, Rojas, Beatriz Bustamante, Jose Bauer and Irma Fernandez et al. “Anti-Microbial Activity of Selected Peruvian Medicinal Plants.” J Ethanopharmacol 88 (2003): 199-204.
17.  Parvathi, Sumathi and A Parvathi. “Anti-Microbial Activity of some Traditional Medicinal Plants.” J Med Plants Res 4 (2010): 316-321.
18. G More, Thilivhali Emmanuel, N amrita Lall and F Botha et al. “Anti-Microbial Activity of Medicinal Plants against Oral Micro-Organisms”. J Ethanopharmacol 119 (2008): 473-477.
19. Bharath, Gami and Farzin Parabia.“Screening of Methanol and Acetone Extract for Anti-Microbial Activity of some Medicinal Plants Species of Indian Folklore.” Int J Res  Pharm Sci  2(2011): 69-75.
20. Karaman, I, F Sahin, M Gulluce, H Ogutcu et al. “Anti-Microbial Activity of Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Juniperus Oxycedrus L”. J  Ethanopharamacol  85 (2003): 231-235.
21. Anami, Ahuja, Pushpander kumar ,Ankit verma and  Ranjeet S Tanwar. “Anti-Microbial Activities of Cow Urine against various Bacterial Strains”. Int J Recent Adv Pharm Res (2012): 84-87.
22. Edwin, Jarald, Sheeja Edwin, Vaibhav Tiwari, Rajesh Garg and Emmanuel Toppo. “Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Microbial Activities of Cow Urine.” G J pharmacol (2008): 20-22.
23. Farida, P. “BHARAT M Vyas”. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Chem 2014.
24. Vaghasiya, Yogeshkumar and sumitra chanda. “Screening of Methanol and Acetone Extracts of Fourteen Indian Medicinal Plants for Anti-Microbial Activity”.Tur J bio 31 (2007): 243-248.
25. Ratshilivha, N, Maurice D Awouafack, Elsa Sophia Du Toit and Jacobus Nicolaas Eloff. “The Variation in Anti-Microbial and Anti-Oxidant Activities of Acetone Leaf Extract of 12 Moringa Oleifera Trees enables the Selection of Trees with Additional Uses.” S  Afr J Bot 92 (2014): 59-64.