Research - (2021) Volume 11, Issue 1
Received: 07-Dec-2020
Published:
21-Dec-2020
, DOI: 10.37421/2165-784X.2021.11.370
Citation: Irumva, Olivier, Gratien Twagirayezu, Jean Claude Nizeyimana and Elysé Masengesho, et al. “Contribution of Gaharwa Lake to Sustainable Solution Availing Sufficient in Domestic Water.” Civil Environ Eng 11 (2021): 370.
Copyright: © 2020 Twagirayezu G, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Rwanda Government, via its Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) and authority in charge of Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC) has instigated copious initiatives aimed at finding durable ensues to water scantiness in some country districts especially in Bugesera District. To date it lived by 453451 peoples with only 3600 m3/d available from Ngenda Water Treatment Plant (WTP) intents to treat cyohoha Lake. This research is conducted to handle water scantiness issues in Bugesera District with the aid of Gaharwa Lake. For attaining research directs, forms and onsite interrogates have been conducted, and Hazen–Williams equation has been used in designing processes. Therefore, the water treatment plant was designed with an awareness of water quality and quantity, population growth rate. Findings indicated that analyzed water quality parameters were bottled up by low turbidity: 4.2 NTU, Zn: 0.12 mg/L, NO3: 0.4 mg/L, Manganese: 0.047 mg/L, NH3-N: 0.04 mg/L, Fe2+: 0.61 mg/L, PH: 6.6, Fluoride: 0.11 mg/L, Alkalinity: 2 and Total hardness of 2.6 and water quantity should be 40723.8 m3/d. Additionally, The entire amount necessitated for the proposed Gaharwa WTP is 632,950.1957 USD. Eventually, Gaharwa Lake can be utilized as ensues to water scantiness in the Bugesera district. This research will greatly contribute to the lives of Rwandan people as well as Country Vision.
Hazen-Williams equation • Gaharwa Lake • Water Treatment Plant • Water quality parameters
Water is a vital natural resource that instantly affirms life and it is crucial for mankind such as sustainable economic growth and prosperity. Also, it is, it is pivotal in natural ecosystems and climate control [1]. However, it is a limited resource, less than 1% of the worlds freshwater are available for direct human consumption [2]. In addition, global warming, expeditious human population growth and economic development, inappropriate waste and waste management, housing styles, and geographical location limit access to safe drinking water. Rural residents have more difficulty accessing clean water than urban dwellers [3,4]. To date, any country takes water as a strategic natural resource for economic, social, and cultural development. Also, Rwanda has a dense hydrological network composed of many rivers, streams, and wetlands that drain water into lakes and other for reservoirs. However, it is highly dependent on agriculture meanwhile water plays a huge role in its agriculture, which increases the importance of this resource [5].
Furthermore, the Rwanda Government is escalating for accessing the green durable and economical method to avail copious domestic water countrywide. Thereby, Water acts as a central element for human life as it plays a crucial role in comforting human needs like health protection, ecosystem restoration, food, and energy production as well as for social and sustainable economic development [6]. Vigorously, raising water demand highlights the need for more effective policies and practices for water resources management equitably and sustainably. Water demand for energy, agriculture, infrastructure, industry, and household is protruded to be increased by 27 per cent in the next thirty years means from 0.12 billion m3 to 3.37 billion m3 [7]. Commonly, better management of water resources along with access to mended water supply and sanitation plays an important role in influencing the well-being of communities in developing countries and national development plans [8,9]. There have been numerous attentions from local governments, government agencies, and NGOs, but the burden is still mainly on developing countries [10]. And the most affected areas are sub-Saharan African countries [11-13]. By the middle of this century, water scarcity will affect 2 to 7 billion people [14]. Also, Rwanda is one of the most populous countries in Africa [15]. In this country, National Strategy for Transformation (NST1), particularly as it pertains to water availability and sanitation services. The NST1 highlights that 100 per cent of households should have access to clean drinking water by 2024. This will depend on the treatment and distribution capacity. To this day, the availability of safe drinking water does not meet the population needs. This implies a scant in water distribution [16].
Generally, water supply and sanitation in Rwanda are stamped by a tremendous rate compare to the past years in the rural area. However, in the Bugesera district, the increment of drinking water is not achieved at the required extent where only 44% of people have access to treated water [17]. Even if, Rwanda has committed to attaining very ambitious targets by focusing to raise rural and urban water supply coverage by aiding the districts to plan, design, finance, and implement water infrastructure projects. Also, Bugesera district hydrographical network is mainly marked by 3 rivers, namely Akanyaru, Akagera, and Nyabarongo [18]. Without taking into account Rivers, Bugesera is marked with nine lakes including Rweru, Cyohoha north, cyohohoha South, Gashanga, Kidogo, Rumira, Mirayi, Kirimbi, and Gaharwa. Among them seven lakes were formed as a ensue of Akagera river overflow, except lake Rweru and lake Cyohoho South, other lakes have little effect on rainfall formation and are mainly responsible for fishing, tourism, irrigation, and farming [19]. Furthermore, Apart from those lakes and rivers, this region faces the problem of water scantiness emanated from people dispersion and flat topography count a few springs source, this can be indicated by how most residents fetch water from Nyabarongo River for domestic purposes, the water stream that snails through the thickly settled and industrious City of Kigali [19].
Mainly, it is pivotal to contemplate all the factors that impart to water scantiness. The extent to which water supply is scarce depends on the local geography of the area. Also, in Rwanda, there is no more monitoring of water quality and few types of research indicated that major water pollutants are sediments and nutrients transported into watershed with soil topography (steep-slope) [20]. Therefore, it is said that water scantiness is an extremely subjective, regional, and intermittent problem, and these problems can be related to two main features: Quantity and Quality, Normally most cities utilize water from the water purification facilities. Thereby, balancing the available water and its growing needs under population growth rate and the changing climate can be a crucial alternative for water resources management [21]. Moreover, Bugesera located at a low rainfall zone receiving an annual average of around 900 mm. The days are generally hot and dry while nights are usually cool also, Climate change could cause water scantiness owing to rainfall decline and aquifer depletion is the last treasure for the future. Eventually, there is the availability of such 67% of humidity, these show that surface water such as river water and other sources of water are available and groundwater could be exploited by people for different purposes [22].
These indicate that Bugesera district could be provided with abundant safe water; this includes improving rural water supply infrastructures and ensuring sustainable operation and maintenance. For ensuring sufficient revenue to finance these improvements, there will be needed an assessment of the water pricing structure that can ensure recovery of treatment, distribution, maintenance, and expansion costs for services [23].
To compass the purports, the following procedures have been contemplated to procure perfect, updated, and comprehensive findings. Data was gathered by reading various books, reports, and scientific published articles. Additionally, It is crucial to supply well purified and distributed water in society. In such instances site visit with sample collection was made for Gaharwa Lake and Ngenda river. Also, Arithmetic Increase Method is used to estimate the recent population and Future forecasting population in the District. Moreover, the various materials and laboratory equipment have been used in data collection, processing, and analysis for procuring the findings of the standards and water should be free from pathogens, hazardous chemicals including radioactive materials, and plenty of quantity. Besides, the water should not have an objectionable colour, odour, or taste and should be neither unduly corrosive nor unduly encrusting [24].
Study area description
This study was conducted in bugesera district located in Eastern Province, Southeast of Kigali, Rwanda capital city as shown in Figure 1. To date, Bugesera district has a total surface area is 1,334 km2 [25] and its population is estimated at 453451 people.
Figure 1. Location of Bugesera district.
The population of Bugesera district
The district is composed of 15 Sectors, 72 Cells, and 581 Villages with a total population of 363,339 people [26]. Its Average Annual Growth Rate is 3.1% as it is shown in Table 1.
| District | 2002 Total Population |
2012 Population | Population change (2002-2012) (%) | Average Annual Growth Rate (3.1) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Total | ||||
| Bugesera | 266,775 | 177,404 | 185,935 | 363,339 | 36.2 | 3.1 |
Demographic characteristics of Bugesera district
Based on the 2012 population census, we have enumerated the present population in 2020. However, the Bugesera district population has been estimated by using Arithmetic Increase Method [27] (Table 1).
The arithmetic increase method is based on the assumption of the population increases at a constant rate. Thus Pyear=P0+kt.
Where: dp/dt =K (constant); Pyear= population after time t (year) and P0= estimated initial population.
To date, the Whole estimated population in this year 2020 is 453451 People, where P0=363,339 People and t=8 years
The researchers were mainly aimed at finding a durable ensues method to avail sufficient domestic water in Bugesera district through the proposed Water treatment plant of Gaharwa Lake, where the volume capacity of the designed tank was determined to be 3500 m3 and The Hourly discharge is 1895.69 m3/h. generally, Basing on the findings of this project, the cost of construction of the Gaharwa treatment Plant is 603,624,413 Rfr (Rwandan Francs); The treatment was designed to operate under the inlet discharge of 54298.4 m3/d For 678731 people in 2040. Gaharwa River was chosen because of low cost, low turbid water (4.2 NTU), less heavy metals, low quantity of organic and inorganic pollutants which requires fewer amounts of chemical dosages. Moreover, Gaharwa Lake locates at the center of Bugesera district implies that the water supply and distribution system is easier. This research will greatly contribute to solving the water scantiness problem in the Bugesera district and will enhance the living conditions of the population in the District as well as other regions that share the same characteristic as the Bugesera district. Further researches should use other alternatives methods for availing sufficient and safe water around the country; these will lead to a sustainable solution to water scantiness in the country.
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