Diabetes and its Complications

Mian Tang^*
*Correspondence: Mian Tang, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA, Email:

Introduction

Hyperglycemia is the hallmark of a group of metabolic disorders known as diabetes mellitus (DM). Anti-diabetic medications like insulin, glipalamide, and metformin that are taken orally and put under the skin can temporarily bring blood sugar levels back into balance. However, taking these medications for an extended period of time has been linked to negative effects on the kidneys and liver. Additionally, diabetics are more likely to experience complications because of the damage caused to the macrovascular system by hyperglycemia and the excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Fortunately, recent advancements in nanomaterials have opened up new possibilities for the treatment and diagnosis of diabetes. A comprehensive overview of the current nanomaterials for the detection of diabetic biomarkers and treatment of diabetes is provided in this review. These bioengineered nanoparticles can be used to prevent a number of diabetic complications in addition to their anti-diabetic and diabetic sensing functions. This review offers a broader perspective on the field, including current obstacles and anticipated developments, which may be useful for the creation of novel nanomaterials with novel properties and functions for diabetes treatment and diagnosis.

Description

Coastal waters are typically inhabited by sea urchins. They are Echinoidea (which also includes sand dollars and pencil urchins), one of the phylum Echinodermata's persisting classes. Sea urchins produce millions of gametes during spawning. Their embryos are transparent, making them easy to manipulate and cultivate in aquariums. The majority of the species are the result of indirect development via planktonic larvae plutei that undergo metamorphosis. Although sea urchins are currently less popular developmental biology models than Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, Xenopus, and mouse, they have a long history in science dating back to the middle of the nineteenth century. Since then, sea urchins have played an important role in developmental and molecular biology. An in-depth look at major discoveries in sea urchins can be found in an article [1,2]. Users in cytology are typically required to screen an entire slide (a task typically performed by a cytotechnologist) before interpreting cytological material (e.g. cells and background material). When screening all of the material on a slide, the user finds and marks (typically with a marker pen on glass slides) the areas (e.g., abnormal cells) that are important for making a diagnosis. To effectively screen slides, the user must be able to easily navigate the slide (i.e. pan around in the x and y axes). However, using a computer mouse to screen slides is time consuming and tedious [3].

Annotating important areas of a digital slide with imaging software is similar to "dotting" a glass slide. Available image viewers support a wide range of annotations (for example, colours and shapes) that can be saved alongside an image. This software feature allows screeners and final reviewers to communicate more effectively. 6 Hidden annotations can be revealed later using the built-in annotation capability, which can also be used for teaching and testing trainees. Because pen markings on glass slides can affect focusing and/or cause image artefacts with some scanners, it is preferable to annotate images before scanning them.

Telecytology is the interpretation of digital cytology images from a distance. This can be used for ROSE, making primary diagnoses, getting second opinions (teleconsultation), and interpreting special studies remotely (e.g. immunocytochemistry). 15 Telecytology has yet to be widely adopted for remote cytology screening, which would be ideal in underserved countries with a cytology shortage. Static, video, robotic, and WSI modalities have all been evaluated for use in telecytology practise. Video applications appear to be the most practical and popular method for ROSE at the moment. This study examines changes in job tasks performed by practising CTs using data from the two most recent BOC Practice Analysis Surveys, conducted in 2009 and 2015. A longitudinal comparison of these two Cytotechnology Practice Surveys reveals recent changes in the scope of cytotechnology practise. This comparative analysis adds to the body of data gathered by the ASC/ASCP Workgroup to inform the development of CT education and practise resources. The percentage of respondents who said they completed each task was calculated separately for each year group. For each task, the percentile changes in these values were calculated between the two individual surveys. The percentile changes were then divided into quartiles, and the top quartile or top two quartiles for each analysis were reported [4,5].

Conclusion

In contrast to diabetic diagnosis, in vivo assays are always necessary when using nanomaterials for diabetes treatment. Despite the fact that numerous studies demonstrate that nanoparticles have anti-diabetic properties, there are still a number of issues to be investigated regarding the use of nanoparticles in diabetes treatment. These issues include the safe and effective doses of nanoparticles, the potential antidiabetic mechanisms of nanoparticles, and the epigenetic effects of nanoparticles. In addition, cells in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes have the ability to recognize and phagocytose some NPs, such as superparamagnetic NPs. The possibility of accumulation in these cells causing toxicity and limiting their therapeutic activity necessitates a comprehensive scientific evaluation. Importantly, how can these systems of endothelial phagocytosis be avoided so that NPs can precisely reach their target? In nanomedicine, this is a prevalent issue that must be resolved.

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