Dynamic Vegetation Change Characteristics in Seismic Regions Based on Reconstructed Heterogenous NDVI

Elin Svetkov^*
*Correspondence: Elin Svetkov, Department of Dendrology, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria, Email:

Introduction

Due to the contrasted information it provides, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry may be of interest in this setting. X-rays with energies between 0.1 and 100 keV (0.01 to 25 nm) are used in XRF. These X-rays are partially absorbed by the sample material, which causes electrons to be ejected from the atom. Next, electrons fall from outer shells, which are in a higher energy state, to inner shells, which are in a lower energy state. The surplus energy causes fluorescent X-ray radiation to be released at discrete energies that are representative of the sample's elemental contents. The elemental detection range of Energy Dispersive XRF (EDXRF) spectrometers typically ranges from Na to U. As a result, the fluorescence spectra can be used to quantify elemental contents within this range, which include heavy metal contaminants, plant macro- and micronutrients, and the elements that dominate the soil matrix. One well-known application of XRF is the monitoring of heavy metals in soils. However, it is also possible to estimate soil properties that covariate with total elemental contents by using XRF spectra or elemental contents quantified from the XRF spectra through spectral deconvolution. In the field of soil science, the use of Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (MIRS) is well-established. The fundamental vibrations of many organic molecules containing soil Organic Carbon (OC) and Nitrogen (N) as well as minerals in the clay (such as kaolinite, smectite) and sand (such as quartz) particle size fractions are captured by MIRS using radiation in the range of 2500-25,000 nm (4000-400 cm^-1).

Description

On ball-milled soils, the total C and N content was determined through dry combustion using a CN elemental analyzer (Elementar Vario El, Heraeus, and Hanau, Germany). The soil did not contain any carbonates, so the total C was the same as the total OC. The pipette method was used to determine the texture of the soil in accordance with DIN ISO 11277. In accordance with DIN ISO 10390, the pH values were measured using 2.5 g of field-moist soil and 6.25 mL of 0.01 M CaCl₂.

The soil was first slowly leached with 0.1 M BaCl₂ for CEC determination, with a soil to solution ratio of 1:10. Ion chromatography (850 Professional IC, 237 Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland) was used to measure the exchangeable K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in the filtered extracts, and CEC was calculated as the sum of the exchangeable cations. A modification of the technique described by Zimmerman et al. was used to separate LOC. In order to break up macroaggregates, 15 grams of soil were sonicated in 75 milliliters of water (Branson Digital Sonifier, Branson Ultrasonics Corporation, Dietzenbach, Germany) at an energy level of 22 J mL. The soil was then wet-sieved with a 63 millimeter sieve to separate sand, silt, and clay sized particles from one another.

Conclusion

The antimicrobial properties that were discovered could also be interesting for the creation of antimicrobial bio-plastics that could be used for hygienic surfaces in hospitals, given that the bacteria and fungi that were tested are known to be tolerant of tannin extracts. Additional research to standardize its antibacterial activity against particular bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) therefore would be particularly intriguing in accordance with ISO 22196:2011. Despite the fact that the study's objective was not to assess biodegradability, the growth of Bacillaceae using TFP, which produced comparable growth values to those of the glucose reference sample, merits special attention. MIR was the best sensor for predicting organic fraction properties (total OC and N contents) at this field-scale loess site, while XRF was the best sensor for predicting inorganic fraction properties (clay, silt, and sand contents). According to the principle of parsimony, the best single spectrometer should be used because the advantages of the optimal model fusion approach for these properties were nil to nonexistent.