Equine Influenza Virus Outbreaks: How to Safeguard Your Horses

Peter Barnum^*
*Correspondence: Peter Barnum, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology,, Alfaisal University, Saudi Arabia, Email:

Introduction

Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen affecting horses globally, with significant implications for equine health, the economy and international trade. The virus, primarily caused by influenza A viruses of the H3N8 subtype, leads to outbreaks characterized by fever, nasal discharge, coughing and reduced performance. Given the importance of the equine industry in the United States, which encompasses racing, breeding and recreational activities, managing EIV is crucial [1]. The United States' Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus, initiated in 2008 and continuing through 2021, aimed to monitor and control the spread of this virus. This program was a collaborative effort involving federal and state veterinary authorities, private practitioners and the equine industry. It provided valuable data on EIV's prevalence, genetic evolution and epidemiology, aiding in the development of effective vaccines and control strategies. This article delves into the intricacies of this surveillance program, exploring its inception, methodology, outcomes and impact on the equine industry and veterinary public health [2].

Description

The emergence of equine influenza as a significant threat to horse populations necessitated the establishment of robust surveillance mechanisms. Prior to 2008, the United States lacked a comprehensive system to monitor EIV systematically, relying instead on sporadic reports and localized studies. The increasing frequency of EIV outbreaks, coupled with the economic repercussions of such events, highlighted the need for a coordinated national surveillance effort. In response, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), in collaboration with the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) and several veterinary diagnostic laboratories, launched the Voluntary Surveillance Program for EIV in 2008. The program aimed to achieve multiple objectives: to detect and respond to EIV outbreaks promptly, to monitor the virus's genetic evolution, to assess the effectiveness of existing vaccines and to provide data for developing new vaccines and diagnostic tools [3]. Furthermore, the program focused on information dissemination to educate horse owners, trainers and other stakeholders about EIV risks, symptoms, prevention methods and reporting procedures. Timely and transparent communication was pivotal in promoting cooperation and compliance within the equine community. Over the years, the surveillance program evolved in response to emerging challenges and advancements in technology. Enhanced molecular diagnostics, improved communication channels and streamlined reporting mechanisms were integrated to strengthen the overall efficacy of EIV monitoring and control efforts [4]. The United States voluntary surveillance program for the Equine Influenza Virus achieved several notable successes during its tenure. Vaccination campaigns based on surveillance data contributed to higher immunity levels within the equine population, further bolstering disease control efforts. Moreover, the collaborative nature of the program fostered a sense of community responsibility among horse owners and veterinarians, leading to improved reporting compliance and data accuracy. The establishment of best practices for EIV surveillance and management served as a valuable resource for other countries facing similar challenges equine health [5].

Introduction

The United States' voluntary surveillance program for the Equine Influenza Virus from 2008 to 2021 represented a proactive and collaborative effort to monitor and manage EIV outbreaks within the equine population. Through the dedication of veterinarians, horse owners and regulatory agencies, significant strides were made in early detection, data collection and disease control strategies. While the program encountered challenges such as resource limitations and vaccine variability, its successes underscore the importance of sustained surveillance efforts and continuous improvement initiatives. By applying lessons learned and embracing technological advancements, the equine industry can build upon this foundation to create more resilient and effective surveillance programs in the future. Early detection of EIV outbreaks facilitated prompt intervention measures, reducing the spread of the virus and mitigating its impact on horse health and welfare.

References

1. Doherty, Peter C., Stephen J. Turner, Richard G. Webby and Paul G. Thomas. “Influenza and the challenge for immunology.” Nat Immunol 7 (2006): 449-455.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Zhou, Zhemin, Nabil-Fareed Alikhan, Martin J. Sergeant and Nina Luhmann, et al. “GrapeTree: Visualization of core genomic relationships among 100,000 bacterial pathogens.” Genome Res 28 (2018): 1395-1404.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at