Evolving Vaccine Adjuvants: A Shift from Alum to Nanotechnology-Driven Approaches

Majeed Oraibi^*
*Correspondence: Majeed Oraibi, Department of Pediatrics, University Federico II of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy, Email:

Introduction

Vaccines have been one of the most significant achievements in modern medicine, responsible for preventing the spread of infectious diseases and saving millions of lives worldwide. However, the success of many vaccines depends not only on the antigens they carry but also on the presence of adjuvants—substances that enhance the body’s immune response to the antigen. Over time, adjuvants have evolved from simple compounds like aluminum salts (alum) to more sophisticated, cutting-edge solutions involving nanotechnology. These advances have opened new avenues for improving the effectiveness, safety, and targeted delivery of vaccines. This article explores the evolution of vaccine adjuvants, focusing on the shift from traditional alumbased formulations to the promising possibilities offered by nanotechnologydriven adjuvants [1-3].

Description

Bioactive compounds like vitamin D, probiotics, and polyphenols are known to play key roles in modulating the immune system. For children with compromised immune systems, such as those with autoimmune disorders, HIV, or cancer, bioactives in ONS can enhance immune defenses, reduce the risk of infections, and aid in faster recovery. For instance, vitamin D, a wellknown bioactive, is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. Supplementation with vitamin D has been shown to reduce the incidence of respiratory infections, which are common in children with conditions like asthma or cystic fibrosis. Similarly, probiotics and prebiotics help maintain a healthy gut microbiota, which is closely linked to immune health. Chronic inflammation is a common issue in many pediatric conditions, including obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergies.

Bioactives with anti-inflammatory properties, such as omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oil) and polyphenols (from fruits and vegetables), can help reduce systemic inflammation, improve clinical outcomes, and prevent complications associated with inflammation. For example, omega-3 fatty acids are known to lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and may benefit children with conditions like juvenile arthritis or inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), which are often accompanied by inflammation. Adequate growth and development during childhood are directly influenced by the quality and quantity of nutrition. Bioactives like omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants support brain and cognitive development. Omega-3s, particularly DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), are critical for neurological function, contributing to brain development, learning, and memory. Their inclusion in ONS formulations can be particularly beneficial for children with developmental delays, premature infants, and those with neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD and autism spectrum disorders [4,5].

Acknowledgment

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

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