Experimental Study of Behavior of Conventional Concrete with Egg Shell Powder and Egg Yolk, Egg White

Manjushree V. Gaikwad^*, Akash R. Nanaware, Aditya M. Kamble, Aatish A. Sathe and Suraj D. Mhasawade
^*Correspondence: Manjushree V. Gaikwad, Department of Civil Engineering, S. B. Patil College of Engineering, Indapur, Pune, India, Email:

Keywords

Egg shell powder • Egg yolk or Egg white • Concrete • Compressive strength • Flexural strength

Introduction

Today India is the third largest egg producer and fourth in broiler production in the world reported by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Statistics Division. India is developing as the world's second major poultry marketplace with a yearly development of additional than 14%, creating 61 million tons or 3.6 percent of global egg manufacture. The yearly growth amount of egg production is 5-8%. Separately from this, India ranks sixth in broiler production with a yearly output of 2.39 million tons of broiler meat, as per the approximations of the Ministry of Agriculture. The total poultry industry is appreciated at about 350 billion rupees. About 250,000 tons of egg shell left- over is shaped yearly universal by the food processing manufacturing only. In the account, it was projected that 10000-11000 tons of egg shell has to be willing of each year by egg mainframes and makers in India. Most of egg shell waste is willing in landfills without any pre-treatment because it is conventionally useless and eventually creates serious eco problems. Therefore, proper alternative is required to achieve the wastes. The bioconversion of waste to practical energy is part of the operation of wastes. The actual treatment and operation of bio-waste has been stressed in our society for ecological and economic angles. Removal of egg shell waste are usually not income centers but cost centers. Therefore, the smallest cost of discarding is most wanted. Some of the choices left must be observed at very disapprovingly and the greatest cost real method of reprocessing are considered. The research and reported that egg shell consisting 2.2 gms of calcium in the form CaCO3 which is 94 percent. Remaining masses presented are of large amount of Phosphorous and Magnesium, trace amounts of Sodium, Potassium, Zinc, Manganese, Iron and Copper.

Throughout the world, waste products are seriously polluting the environment. There are many types of waste disposal system such as land filling, open burning, drains clogged up with rubbish and river fill definitely indicate solid waste is a major environmental problem in Malaysia. Despite the massive amount and complexity of waste produced, the standards of waste management in Malaysia are still poor. These include outdated documentation of waste generation rates and its composition, inefficient storage and collection systems, disposal of municipal wastes with toxic and hazardous waste, indiscriminate disposal or dumping of wastes and inefficient utilization of disposal site space. The construction industries are searching for 'alternative products that can reduce the Construction cost. Eggshells are known to have good strength characteristics when mixed with concrete Most of the eggshell waste is commonly disposed in landfills without any pre-treatment because it is traditionally useless [1,2].

In ancient period, the structures were constructed by using materials like lime, clay, mud, surki, wood, egg, jaggery, sugar, burnt coconut shells etc. Oral traditional sources tell us egg whites were used as ingredients of mortar, which were used to bind building materials for the ancient constructions. Egg whites were generally used as adhesive which is a compound that adheres or bonds two items. Historically, they were also used to produce paint binder [3].

Materials and Methods

Problem statement

In India, waste disposal is one of the factors contributing the environmental problem and increasing dramatically year by year. According to Antara News (2011), In India, the egg consumption of the Indian people which is still low. In India the per capita egg consumption of the people was recorded at one egg per week while in India the per capita egg consumption was noted at three per day. Hence, the egg consumption of India is increasing with high demand for local food industry. Eggshells wastes are seriously affecting the environment and causing pollution to public health. Eggshell is classified as a waste material by the food industry but is in fact a highly sophisticated composite.

The ultimate goal is to use the eggshells in packaging to protect egg products giving a second lease of life to the eggshell in the very role it was created for a true case of recycling. Therefore, recycling eggshells into the useful product gives good potential benefit on many levels, both for food manufacturers and a much wider construction industry. In this case, the egg yolk (hen egg) and egg shell which considered as waste materials was useful for our research that we need to add the foam of hen egg inside concert to increase its strength and thus decreasing its density. But the construction company would not use this kind of method due to the lack of research using this egg yolk and albumen.

Objectives

1. To design of M20 grade of concrete by using egg shell powder (0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5% and 6%) are partially replacement in cement, Egg yolk and egg white are used as natural admixture (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%)

2. To study the fresh and hardener properties of mix concrete at 7, 14 and 28 days.

3. To find out optimum replacement and addition percentage of Egg shell powder and Egg yolk, Egg white for M20 grade of concrete.

4. To save Environment from waste disposal egg shell.

Materials

Cement: Cement is a well-known building material has occupied an indispensable place in construction works. It is obtained by burning together, in a definite proportion, a mixture of naturally occurring argillaceous and calcareous materials to a partial fusion at high temperature. Generally Cement is a binding material used in the preparation of concrete. It binds the coarse aggregates and fine aggregates with help of water to a monolithic matter and also it fills the voids in the concrete. The cement used in this study is OPC 53 grade confining to IS 8112 is used throughout the work.

Fine aggregate: Fine aggregate Clean and Dry River sand available locally was used. Sand passing through IS 4.75 mm sieve. Test conducted on fine aggregate are specific gravity using pycnometer, fineness modulus by sieve analysis.

Coarse aggregate: Crushed granite aggregate with specific gravity of 2.6 and passing through 20 mm sieve and retained on 12.5 mm sieve and as given in IS: 383 - 1970 is used for all the specimens.

Egg shell powder: Eggshell is collected cleaned and dried and then crushed into fine powder form to use as a replacement with cement [3,4] (Figures 1 and 2).

Egg white and egg albumen, egg yolk: Hen eggs are collected from local poultry forms nearby Chittoor, A.P, India used as natural admixture in this research work. White albumen and yellow yolk of broiler egg was thoroughly mixed and added to concrete. Hen egg was used as Natural admixture (NAD), both egg white albumen and yellow yolk was thoroughly mixed and added to concrete. The chemical NAD was replaced by egg yolk at 1.5% of interval of 0% to 6% [5-7] (Figure 3).

It is the method followed to perform the experiment:

1) Mix designed

2) Batching

3) Experimental casting

4) Mixing

5) Compaction

6) Curing

7) Testing

Tests

The following tests are conducted to find the physical properties of materials:

Tests on fine aggregate: In this project, the river sand, which was available in saturated surface dry Condition was used as fine aggregate.

• Sieve analysis

• Density

• Specific Gravity

• Water absorption

Tests on coarse aggregate:

• Impact value

• Sieve analysis

• Density

• Specific gravity

• Water absorption.

Specific gravity test: Table 1.

Mix design: Table 2.

Experimental investigation

The Egg shell powder concrete specimens of various mixes has to be tested for Compressive and Split tensile test at 7 and 28 days in the lab.

Compressive strength: compressive test are made at recognized ages of the test specimens. Least three specimens, preferably from different batches shall be made for testing at each selected age. The cubes are placed in the compression testing machine in such manner that the load is applied to the opposite sides of the cube as cast. Compression test was carried out on the specimens after 7 and 28 days of curing of concrete [8].

Split tensile test: The tensile strength of concrete is determined by splitting the cylinder across the vertical diameter. Split tensile strength is an indirect method of finding out the tensile strength of concrete. As per ASTM, the test was carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surfaces of a compression testing machine. The load was applied until the specimen fails [9,10].

Results and Discussion

The result of the investigations carried out for finding out compressive strength, and Spilt tensile test using Egg shell powder partially replaced for cement and adding white albumen, egg yolk.

Compressive strength: From each concrete mixture, cubes of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm have been casted for the determination of compressive strength and tested at 7, 14 and 28 days for determining Compressive strength. Experimental results for cube compressive strength for M20 grade of concrete for mix proportions 1.5% interval of 0% to 6% for 7,14 and 28 days are tabulated in Table 3 (Figure 4).

Spilt tensile test: from each concrete mixture, cylinders of size 150 mm x 300 mm have been casted for the determination of splitting tensile strength. The concrete specimens were cured under normal conditions and tested at 7 28 days. Experimental results for cylinders split tensile strength for M20 for mix of Egg shell powder at 0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6% for 7, and 28 days are tabulated in Table 4. The graphical representation of split tensile strength for various mixes are shown in Figure 5.

Conclusion

The following conclusions can be drawn from the present investigations:

• We use the egg shell in concrete for partially replacement of cement and egg yolk as natural adds mixture.

• We found that the compressive strength increases to the proportion 1.5% and 0.2%.

• This concrete is giving the initial proportion high strength but the we use proportion 4.5% and 6% it gives less strength.

• The proportion 4.5% and 6% give less compressive strength in concrete.

• The proportion 1.5% and 3% gives more strength than conventional concrete.

• So, we can use the egg shell powder as alternative solution to cement.

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