Farming Examination, Dogmatic Topics and Bedbugs on Wildlife

Rakuleen Razim^*
*Correspondence: Rakuleen Razim, Department of Animal Science, University of Stavanger, Oslo, Norway, Email:

Keywords

Animal • Livestock • Contagious • Blister

Introduction

Bovine tuberculosis is a bacterial disease that affects cattle, but it can also infect other animals, including humans. The disease is spread through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated meat or milk. The symptoms of bovine tuberculosis include coughing, weight loss, and fever. In severe cases, the disease can be fatal. Bovine tuberculosis is a significant concern for the livestock industry as it can result in the destruction of infected animals and significant economic losses.Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects birds, including chickens, ducks, and turkeys [1]. The disease can be transmitted through direct contact with infected birds, their feces, or contaminated equipment. The symptoms of avian influenza include respiratory problems, such as coughing and sneezing, decreased egg production, and sudden death. In severe cases, the disease can be fatal. Avian influenza is a significant concern for the poultry industry as it can result in the destruction of large numbers of birds and significant economic losses [2].

Swine flu is a viral disease that affects pigs, but it can also infect humans. The disease is spread through direct contact with infected pigs or their feces. The symptoms of swine flu in pigs include fever, coughing, and difficulty breathing. In humans, the symptoms are similar to those of seasonal flu, including fever, coughing, and sore throat [3].

One of the most significant animal diseases is African swine fever (ASF), a viral disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar. ASF is highly contagious and spreads rapidly, causing high mortality rates in infected animals. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their body fluids, as well as through contaminated feed and equipment. ASF has devastated pig populations in many countries, causing significant economic losses for the agricultural industry. There is currently no vaccine or cure for ASF, and controlling its spread relies on strict biosecurity measures, including quarantine and culling of infected animals [4].

Literature Review

In severe cases, swine flu can lead to pneumonia and death. Swine flu is a significant concern for the pork industry as it can result in the destruction of infected pigs and significant economic losses.Equine encephalitis is a viral disease that affects horses, but it can also infect humans. The disease is spread through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The symptoms of equine encephalitis in horses include fever, lethargy, and difficulty standing. In humans, the symptoms can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe neurological problems, such as encephalitis or meningitis. In severe cases, the disease can be fatal. Equine encephalitis is a significant concern for the equine industry as it can result in the death of infected horses and significant economic losses [5].

Rabies is a viral disease that affects mammals, including dogs, cats, and humans. The disease is spread through the bite of an infected animal. The symptoms of rabies include fever, headache, and difficulty swallowing. In later stages of the disease, the symptoms can include aggression, confusion, and paralysis. In humans, rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. Rabies is a significant concern for the veterinary industry as Animal diseases refer to any illness that affects non-human animals. These diseases can range from minor to severe, and they can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and environmental factors. Animal diseases can have significant impacts on the health and well-being of animals, as well as on the agricultural and economic sectors that depend on them. In this article, we will explore some of the common animal diseases, their causes, and their effects on animals and humans.

Another parasitic disease that affects both animals and humans is Lyme disease, which is transmitted by ticks. Lyme disease can cause fever, fatigue, joint pain, and other symptoms in both humans and animals, and can lead to long-term health problems if left untreated. Preventative measures include tick control, vaccination for dogs, and avoiding tick-infested areas.

Discussion

Another serious animal disease is avian influenza (AI), also known as bird flu. AI is a viral disease that affects birds, including domestic poultry and wild birds. There are many strains of AI, some of which can be transmitted to humans, causing severe illness and even death. AI is primarily spread through contact with infected birds or their secretions, as well as through contaminated surfaces and equipment. Outbreaks of AI can cause significant economic losses for the poultry industry, as well as public health concerns. Vaccines are available for some strains of AI, and biosecurity measures, including quarantine and culling of infected birds, can help prevent the spread of the disease [6].

Another common animal disease is foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cows, pigs, and sheep. FMD causes fever, blistering of the mouth and feet, and lameness, and can result in significant economic losses for the agricultural industry. The disease is spread through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions, as well as through contaminated feed and equipment. Vaccines are available for some strains of FMD, and control measures include quarantine and culling of infected animals.

Parasitic diseases are also prevalent in animals, with one of the most significant being heartworm disease in dogs. Heartworms are transmitted through mosquito bites and can cause severe damage to a dog's heart and lungs, resulting in significant health problems and even death. Prevention and treatment of heartworm disease rely on regular testing, preventative medications, and early detection and treatment of infected dogs [7].

Conclusion

Environmental factors can also contribute to animal diseases, such as heat stress in livestock. Livestock that are exposed to high temperatures and humidity can suffer from heat stress, which can cause reduced productivity, illness, and even death. Preventative measures include providing shade and access to water, as well as managing herd sizes and reducing stressors such as transport and handling. In addition to the direct impacts of animal diseases on animal health and well-being, there are also significant economic and societal impacts. Outbreaks of animal diseases can lead to trade restrictions and export bans, which can have severe consequences for the agricultural industry and national economies. Additionally, zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, pose significant public health risks and can have widespread impacts on human health and well-being.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest by author.

References

1. Thompson, Craig K. and RC Andrew Thompson. "Trypanosomes of australian mammals: Knowledge gaps regarding transmission and biosecurity." Trends Parasitol 31 (2015): 553-562.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Hubbard, Phil and Andrew Brooks. "Animals and urban gentrification: Displacement and injustice in the trans-species city." Prog Hum Geogr 45 (2021): 1490-1511.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

3. Mulla, Ayşenur. “And to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the heaven and to everything that creeps on the earth: Animals in Byzantium." (2022).

Google Scholar

4. Unsworth, John, Yoshiaki Nakagawa, Caroline Harris and Gijs Kleter. "The battle for a sustainable food supply." Sustainable agrochemistry: A compendium of technologies (2019): 13-84.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

5. Limbaugh, Ronald H. "Stickeen and the moral education of John Muir." Environ Hist Rev 15 (1991): 25-45.

Google Scholar

6. Umiker-Sebeok, Jean and Thomas A. Sebeok. "Introduction: Questioning apes." Speaking of apes: A critical anthology of two-way communication with man (1980): 1-59.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

7. Barbieri, R., M. Signoli, D. Chevé and C. Costedoat, et al. "Yersinia pestis: The natural history of plague." Clin Microbiol Rev 34 (2020): e00044-19.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at