Host-pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis: New Therapeutic Targets

Afsal Subbian^*
*Correspondence: Afsal Subbian, Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences (ENCB), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico, Email:

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The disease is marked by a complex interplay between the pathogen and the host's immune system, influencing the progression and outcome of infection. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, TB remains a significant global health issue due to challenges such as drug resistance and incomplete vaccine efficacy. A deeper understanding of hostpathogen interactions is essential for identifying new therapeutic targets and developing more effective treatments. This review focuses on the recent progress in elucidating these interactions and explores potential new strategies for combating TB [1].

Description

Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis (TB) involve a complex interplay between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host immune system. Upon infection, M. tuberculosis primarily targets macrophages, where it employs sophisticated strategies to survive and replicate within the host. The immune response, particularly the activation of T cells and production of cytokines, is crucial in controlling the infection, but the bacterium has evolved mechanisms to evade detection and destruction [2]. It inhibits macrophage activation and manipulates cytokine responses to create a more favorable environment for its persistence. Genetic factors also play a role, as variations in genes related to immune responses can influence susceptibility to TB and disease outcomes. Environmental factors, such as nutrition, co-infections (e.g., HIV), and exposure to pollutants, further impact the host's ability to manage the infection [3]. Recent research has highlighted several promising therapeutic targets, including strategies to enhance immune responses, develop more effective vaccines, and improve drug delivery systems. These advances aim to overcome the challenges of drug resistance and inadequate vaccine efficacy, offering new opportunities for more effective TB treatment and prevention [4].

The complex interactions between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host immune system present both challenges and opportunities for TB treatment and prevention. Understanding how the bacterium evades immune detection and persists in the host is crucial for developing new therapeutic approaches. Novel strategies such as immune modulation, targeted vaccines, and advanced drug delivery systems hold promise for improving TB management. However, translating these insights into effective therapies requires further research, including clinical trials to assess safety and efficacy. Additionally, addressing the impact of environmental factors and co-infections on TB progression is essential for a comprehensive approach to disease control [5].

Conclusion

Advancements in our understanding of host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis have unveiled new therapeutic targets that offer hope for more effective treatments and preventive strategies. By focusing on immune modulation, vaccine development, and innovative drug delivery methods, we can enhance our ability to combat TB and address the challenges posed by drug resistance and incomplete vaccine efficacy. Continued research and collaboration are essential to translate these findings into clinical practice and improve global TB control efforts.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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