Impact of Anomalous Left Phrenic Artery Blood Supply on an Enlarged Splenule: A Case Report

Sabez Rahlon^*
*Correspondence: Sabez Rahlon, Department of Anatomy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt, Email:

Keywords

Splenule • Dieulafoy • Gastrointestinal bleeding

Introduction

This work computationally explores the vascular dynamics of nanoworms as drug carriers within blood flow by considering the effects of nanoworm length, stiffness, and local physiological conditions such as hematocrit. We found that nanoworms with length of 8 μm and moderate stiffness are the optimal choice as drug carriers for circulating within normal vascular network due to their lower near wall margination. Compared to those of spherical rigid particles, these nanoworms demonstrate significant de margination behaviors at hematocrit 20%, induced by the local hydrodynamic interactions. Specifically, the interactions between nanoworms and red blood cells create asymmetrical local flow fields, resulting in the demargination of nanoworms [1-3].

Literature Review

Therefore, the long blood circulation time of nanoworms can be partially attributed to their demargination behaviors and intertwinement with red blood cells. In addition, the flexibility of nanoworms enables them to conform to the deformed shape of red blood cells under shear flow, leading to their high concentration within the core region of vessels. According to these simulation results, tuning the length and stiffness of nanoworms is the key to design drug carries with reduced near wall margination within normal vascular networks and extend their blood circulation time. Therefore, the benefit of antithrombotic therapy for individuals with advanced cancer may be limited, or it could even have negative effects on their well-being. To summarize, ACP is an important approach in end-of-life care for people with cancer in Europe. Rationalizing pharmacotherapy, including the describing of antithrombotic therapy, is a crucial aspect of this process due to the potential limited benefit and possible harm associated with continued use in the advanced stages of cancer. Many The standard of care for people with cancer in the last phase of life in Europe includes Advance Care Planning (ACP), which involves discussions among healthcare professionals, patients, and their families to determine appropriate treatment and care options as the disease progresses.

Orbital hemodynamic variations are a poorly studied subject

The site of origin of the ophthalmic artery displays a limited number of variations. However they are important as they are also associated with course variations. Anastomoses between the ophthalmic artery and the external carotid artery are numerous and many of them can acquire clinical relevance. There are little records regarding their anatomical prevalence. Orbital hemodynamic variations are a poorly studied subject. Recent investigations in children have unveiled unexpected variability and instability in the way the blood flows through the orbit. This is even more important, since the OA development has been frequently a matter of dispute and it has recently been re-evaluated in light of a more attentive reading of work. The OA as it is found postnatally derives from the contribution of 4–5 embryonic arteries which partially regress after anastomosing together: the Primitive Maxillary Artery (PMA), the Primitive Ventral Ophthalmic Artery (PVOA), the primitive Dorsal Ophthalmic Artery (PDOA), the Stapedial Artery (StA) and possibly, the primitive olfactory artery [4-6].

Discussion

One recent study has thrown some insight on the subject, but it should not be assumed that the angiography investigation of infants with intraocular retinoblastoma is inevitably indicative of the adult orbit circulation. Overall, angiography can show at least one anastomosis in 44.33% of orbits, with the frequency of visualisation (angiographic incidence) depending on the technology used. The angiographic incidence increases to 91% of orbits when either the OA or the ECA is used, indicating that, at least in children, one connection between the OA and the ECA may be located almost often if adequately examined. The current guidance on antithrombotic therapy in cancer patients is limited and primarily focuses on aspirin for primary cardiovascular prevention, which is no longer recommended for anyone, regardless of cancer status. The guidance does not address antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation or secondary prevention, which are the primary reasons for prescribing antithrombotic therapy in people with cancer. Consequently, healthcare professionals may feel uncertain about when to discontinue antithrombotic therapy and lack the tools to accurately assess the individual risks for each patient. This can lead to an overestimation of the short-term risk of cardiovascular complications while underestimating the risk of bleeding events. The use of antithrombotic therapy in cancer patients is expected to increase for several reasons.

Conclusion

Numerous potential artery variations are visible in the orbit. At least in youngsters, some of them have a significant impact on its hemodynamic. More research is necessary to see whether the hemodynamic variability shown in children may also be identified in adults. Numerous potential artery variations are visible in the orbit. At least in youngsters, some of them have a significant impact on its hemodynamic. More research is necessary to see whether the hemodynamic variability shown in children may also be identified in adults.

Acknowledgement

We thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticisms of the manuscript. The support from ROMA (Research Optimization and recovery in the Manufacturing industry), of the Research Council of Norway is highly appreciated by the authors.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there was no conflict of interest in the present study.

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