Insulin Therapy: Adherence, Safety and Patient Education

Bailey Kay^*
*Correspondence: Bailey Kay, Department of Chronic Diseases, Diabetes Operative University, Olbia, Italy, Email:

Introduction

Insulin therapy is a cornerstone in the management of diabetes mellitus, particularly for individuals with type 1 diabetes and some with type 2 diabetes who require exogenous insulin to achieve glycemic control. This article explores the crucial aspects of insulin therapy, focusing on adherence to treatment regimens, safety considerations, and the importance of patient education in optimizing outcomes and enhancing quality of life for individuals with diabetes. Insulin therapy plays a vital role in diabetes management by replacing or supplementing the body's natural insulin production. For individuals with type 1 diabetes, whose pancreas produces little to no insulin, and some with type 2 diabetes, whose insulin production may be insufficient or ineffective, insulin therapy is essential for regulating blood glucose levels and preventing complications [1].

Description

By substituting for or enhancing the body's natural production of insulin, insulin therapy is essential for the management of diabetes. Insulin treatment is crucial for controlling blood glucose levels and averting complications in people with type 1 diabetes, whose pancreas produces little to no insulin, and some with type 2 diabetes, whose production of insulin may be insufficient or ineffective.

Rapid-acting Insulin: These insulins typically start working within 15 minutes after injection, peak around 1 hour, and continue to work for 2 to 4 hours. They are often used to cover meals and correct high blood sugar levels.

Short-acting Insulin: These insulins start working within 30 minutes to 1 hour, peak in 2 to 3 hours, and last for about 3 to 6 hours. They are commonly used before meals to manage postprandial glucose levels.

Intermediate-acting Insulin: These insulins begin working within 1 to 2 hours, peak in 4 to 12 hours, and last for about 12 to 18 hours. They are typically used to control blood sugar levels between meals and overnight.

Long-acting Insulin: These insulins have a gradual onset of action, maintain a steady level of insulin in the body, and typically last for about 18 to 24 hours. They are used to provide basal insulin coverage throughout the day and night [2].

Adherence to insulin therapy is critical for achieving and maintaining optimal glycaemic control. Proper injection technique ensures accurate insulin delivery and absorption, minimizing variability in blood glucose levels. Rotating injection sites within the same body region (e.g., abdomen, thighs, buttocks) prevents lip hypertrophy and enhances insulin absorption. Regular blood glucose monitoring helps patients understand their response to insulin therapy and adjust doses as needed. Providing comprehensive education on insulin therapy, including dose adjustment, carbohydrate counting, and hypoglycaemia management, empowers patients to manage their diabetes effectively. Educating patients about recognizing and treating hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) is crucial to prevent severe complications. Hyperglycaemia management understands when and how to adjust insulin doses to manage hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) effectively. Proper hygiene and rotation of injection sites reduce the risk of infection and tissue damage. Guidelines for traveling with insulin, storing insulin properly (refrigeration vs. room temperature) and managing insulin during emergencies are essential for maintaining treatment efficacy and safety [3,4].

Patient education is a cornerstone of successful insulin therapy, encompassing:

Diabetes self-management education: Teaching patients about diabetes, insulin therapy, nutrition, physical activity, and medication adherence fosters self-efficacy and improves health outcomes.

Individualized treatment plans: Tailoring insulin regimens to patients' lifestyles, preferences and treatment goals enhances adherence and improves overall quality of life.

Psychosocial support: Addressing emotional and psychological aspects of living with diabetes promotes resilience and reduces diabetes-related distress.

Advancements in insulin therapy aim to enhance convenience, effectiveness and safety:

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Systems: CGM systems provide real-time glucose readings and trends, helping patients make timely insulin dose adjustments.

Insulin pens and pump therapy: Insulin pens and pumps offer precise dosing, ease of use, and flexibility in insulin delivery, improving treatment adherence and glycemic control.

Artificial pancreas systems: Closed-loop systems automate insulin delivery based on CGM data, mimicking the function of a healthy pancreas and reducing the burden of diabetes management [5].

Conclusion

In conclusion, insulin therapy remains a cornerstone in the management of diabetes, offering individuals with diabetes the opportunity to achieve optimal glycemic control and prevent complications. Adherence to treatment regimens, prioritizing safety considerations, and empowering patients through comprehensive education are essential components of successful insulin therapy. By integrating these strategies, healthcare providers can support patients in effectively managing their diabetes, improving their quality of life, and reducing the long-term impact of the disease.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

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