Neurofeedback Surgery: How Real-time Brain Data is Revolutionizing Neurosurgical Precision

Chamizo Dedoncker^*
*Correspondence: Chamizo Dedoncker, Department of Psychobiology, University of València, Blasco Ibañez Avenue 21, Valencia, Spain, Email:

Introduction

In the ever-evolving landscape of medical technologies, neuroscience has seen remarkable advancements, particularly in the field of neurosurgery. One such groundbreaking development is the integration of neurofeedback into surgical practices. Neurofeedback, a technique that involves monitoring and manipulating brainwave activity in real time, has the potential to significantly enhance the precision and outcomes of neurosurgical procedures. By harnessing the power of real-time brain data, neurosurgeons can improve their decision-making, minimize risks and optimize recovery times for patients. This article delves into the fascinating world of neurofeedback surgery, exploring how this innovative approach is revolutionizing neurosurgical precision and transforming patient care. Neurofeedback, also known as EEG biofeedback, is a therapeutic technique that allows individuals to observe and modify their brainwave activity. It involves the use of electrodes placed on the scalp to monitor electrical activity in the brain. These brainwaves are then translated into real-time feedback that is presented to the individual through visual, auditory, or tactile signals. The goal of neurofeedback is to help the individual learn to regulate their brain activity, promoting more desirable states of mind, such as improved focus, relaxation, or emotional balance. Neurofeedback has been used for decades to treat various neurological and psychological conditions, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression and epilepsy. However, its application in neurosurgery is a more recent development. By integrating neurofeedback with surgical procedures, doctors can gather real-time data that allows them to make more informed decisions, reduce complications and enhance surgical outcomes [1].

Description

Neurosurgery has always been a delicate and highly complex field. The human brain, with its intricate structure and vital functions, demands an unprecedented level of precision. Even the slightest error during a surgical procedure can lead to significant complications, ranging from neurological deficits to life-threatening consequences. This is where neurofeedback and real-time brain data come into play. Neurosurgeons traditionally relied on static imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans to guide them during surgeries. These images provide a snapshot of the brain’s anatomy, allowing surgeons to locate tumors, blood clots, or other abnormalities. However, these images are static and do not provide information about the brain’s dynamic state during surgery. This limitation means that surgeons cannot assess how the brain is reacting to the procedure or whether certain regions are under stress, potentially increasing the risk of complications. Real-time brain data, on the other hand, allows for continuous monitoring of brainwave activity throughout the surgical procedure. By using neurofeedback, surgeons can observe changes in brain activity and make adjustments accordingly. For example, if a patient’s brain shows signs of stress or instability, the surgeon can alter their approach to minimize any negative effects on the brain. This ability to observe and respond to real-time data gives surgeons a level of precision that was previously unattainable. The integration of neurofeedback into neurosurgical practices has opened up new possibilities for improving patient care. One of the most challenging procedures in neurosurgery is the resection of brain tumors. The brain is a delicate organ and tumors are often located in critical areas that control essential functions, such as speech, movement and memory. In these cases, even a small error in surgical technique can result in severe deficits or permanent damage [2]. Neurofeedback can assist surgeons during brain tumor resections by providing continuous feedback about the brain's response to the surgical procedure. This feedback allows surgeons to identify areas of the brain that are under stress or at risk of injury. By making real-time adjustments to the surgical approach, they can minimize the risk of damaging healthy brain tissue while maximizing the removal of tumor cells. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a procedure used to treat various neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor and dystonia. During DBS, electrodes are implanted into specific areas of the brain to deliver electrical impulses that regulate abnormal brain activity. Neurofeedback plays a crucial role in optimizing the effectiveness of DBS. By providing real-time data about brainwave activity, neurofeedback allows surgeons to fine-tune the electrical stimulation delivered by the electrodes. This can help ensure that the stimulation targets the correct areas of the brain, improving the overall success of the procedure and reducing side effects. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. In some cases, surgery is required to remove the areas of the brain responsible for the seizures. However, epilepsy surgery is highly complex, as it involves identifying and removing specific regions of the brain that may be responsible for seizure activity while preserving critical functions. Neurofeedback is used in epilepsy surgery to provide real-time feedback on brain activity during the procedure. This allows surgeons to monitor the brain’s response to the removal of tissue and make adjustments as needed. By ensuring that only the epileptic focus is removed, while sparing healthy brain tissue, neurofeedback enhances the precision and safety of the surgery [3]. Neurofeedback can also be used to monitor brain function during a wide range of neurosurgical procedures. By tracking brainwave patterns in real time, neurosurgeons can detect early signs of complications, such as decreased oxygen levels or changes in blood flow, which could indicate the onset of a stroke or other critical event. This continuous monitoring allows surgeons to take immediate action if any abnormalities are detected, improving patient safety and reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. One of the primary benefits of neurofeedback surgery is the enhanced precision it offers. By providing real-time data on brain activity, surgeons can make more informed decisions during the procedure. This helps them target specific areas of the brain more accurately and adjust their approach as needed to minimize the risk of damage to surrounding tissue [4]. Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. While current treatments are primarily focused on symptom management and preventing secondary brain damage, cellular therapies offer hope for actual regeneration of brain tissue. Clinical trials involving stem cells for TBI have demonstrated the potential for improving functional outcomes. For instance, research on the transplantation of neural stem cells into injured brain regions has shown promise in regenerating neurons and improving cognitive and motor functions. Stroke causes the death of brain cells due to a lack of oxygen. In recent years, cellular therapies, particularly stem cells, have been tested in stroke patients. Early clinical trials have shown that stem cells can promote tissue repair and even enhance neuroplasticity, helping the brain reorganize and recover function. Additionally, gene therapies that encourage the growth of new blood vessels and neurons are being studied in stroke recovery. These treatments aim to improve the brain's ability to compensate for the lost functions following a stroke. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Cellular therapies, particularly the use of dopamine-producing stem cells, have shown promise in animal models and early-phase human trials. By replacing lost neurons and restoring dopamine production, these therapies could potentially reduce symptoms and slow the progression of Parkinson's disease [5].

Conclusion

Neurofeedback surgery represents a groundbreaking advancement in neurosurgery, offering the potential to revolutionize surgical precision and improve patient outcomes. By incorporating real-time brain data into surgical procedures, this technique allows surgeons to make more informed decisions, reduce risks and preserve critical brain functions. As technology continues to evolve, the applications of neurofeedback surgery are expected to expand, benefiting patients undergoing a wide range of brain-related procedures. Despite its challenges, neurofeedback surgery is poised to play a pivotal role in the future of neurosurgery. As research continues and the technology becomes more refined, it is likely that neurofeedback will become an integral part of surgical practices, enabling neurosurgeons to perform even more precise and personalized procedures. The ultimate goal is to not only enhance surgical outcomes but also improve the quality of life for patients undergoing brain surgery, making this a promising frontier in the field of medicine.

Acknowledgment

None

Conflict of Interest

None

References

1. Sun, Wei, Wei Mao, Xianghong Meng and Dequan Wang, et al. "Lowâ?frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy: a controlled clinical study." Epilepsia 53 (2012): 1782-1789.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Hansbauer, Maximilian, Thomas Wobrock, Birgit Kunze and Berthold Langguth, et al. "Efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on PANSS factors in schizophrenia with predominant negative symptomsâ??Results from an exploratory re-analysis." Psychiatry Res 263 (2018): 22-29.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at