Overview of the Cell Architecture Refers to the Organisation and Function of Cells

Jane Woolf^*
*Correspondence: Jane Woolf, Department of Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia, Email:

Editorial

New findings in Bacteria and Archaea are changing our knowledge of cell structure and function. Previously, it was thought that complex cell ultrastructure was only found in eukaryotes, but it is now obvious that all three domains have organelle structures, complex intracellular membranes, and the ability to create extracellular vesicles. A recent examination of bacterial cell ultrastructure revealed a wide range of uncharacterized cellular characteristics and structures, implying that there is still more to learn. This Research Topic's publications highlight some of the most intriguing new discoveries in our understanding of bacterial and archaeal cell organisation, evolution, and architecture [1].

A key topic is whether complex cell architectures in Bacteria and Archaea give light on the genesis of eukaryotic cell architecture. On the one hand, growing evidence for cellular complexity in the newly identified Agars lineages Sarema Niedzwiedzka Mache may aid in bridging the gap between archaea and the development of the eukaryotic endomembrane system. However, it is unclear how or whether bacterial ultrastructure is related to cellular complexity in eukaryotes. One intriguing hypothesis is that certain structures evolved independently, maybe settling on similar solutions from quite different starting points, as Hendrickson and Poole suggest. The creation of a nucleus-like barrier during Pseudomonas jumbo phage infection is a clear example of Chaikeeratisak [2] has written a review on this.

The finding of a "phage nucleus" is interesting because it suggests that genetic material can be segregated from other parts of a cell in a variety of situations. A striking aspect of this structure is that, unlike the eukaryote nucleus, it is proteinaceous. A spindle composed of phage-encoded proteins, notably PhuZ, which is evolutionarily related to tubulin, mediates the initial, mid-cell placement of the phage nucleus and its later rotation during fresh phage assembly. Proteinaceous researchers conduct a survey of the human microbiome to investigate the distribution of bacterial micro compartments. Unlike jumbophages, which form a shell to protect the phage genome from degradation by host-encoded defensive mechanisms, some BMCs function to trap hazardous aldehyde intermediates generated during metabolic events that occur within these compartments. Sequestration of metabolic reactions is also a hallmark of membrane-bounded bacterial compartments, such as planctomycetes' anammoxosomes.

Seeger [3] adds to the phylum Planctomycetes' diversity with a variety of sophisticated membrane topologies. They give a thorough investigation of Tuwongella immobilises, a cousin of the gemmate obscuriglobus. Gemmates complex cell ultrastructure has been the topic of significant research, including dispute over whether it has a membrane-bounded genetic compartment. The current study, which employed Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy tomography, reveals that T. immobilise lacks such a compartment. Seeger et al., on the other hand, offer a picture of a complex intracellular membrane, complete with tunnels and caverns. They suggest that this may result in situations where distinct molecular processes are spatially separated [4]. The subject of whether any bacteria have nucleus-like compartmentation is still being researched, with a recent isolate of the putative phylum Agrobacteria exhibiting genetic compartmentation. When contemplating the difficulties of distinguishing bacterial genetic compartments, it is useful to remember that the eukaryote nucleus is a dynamic structure that disassembles during mitosis in many species.

Thus, it will be fascinating to learn not only whether genetic compartmentation exists in bacteria, but also whether it is stable or dynamic. The creation of intercellular bridges, which allows cell-cell contact and gene transfer, is another unappreciated aspect of prokaryote cell biology. Demonstrates the extent to which this occurs they discovered that the archaeon Haloferax volcanic carries a variety of macromolecular complexes, including ribosomes, across these bridges that connect the cytoplasm of mating cells using a combination of electron cryotomography and fluorescence imaging. Beskrovnaya compare formicate endospore formation to actinobacterial exospore formation. Their findings show that endospore formation in formicates, but exospore formation most likely occurred after actinobacterial diversification [5].

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

1. Jacques, Eveline, Jean Pierre Verbelen and Kris Vissenberg. "Review on shape formation in epidermal pavement cells of the Arabidopsis leaf." Fun P Biol 41 (2014): 914-921.

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