Personalized Cancer Vaccines: A Revolution in Oncology Treatment

Suie Levi^*
*Correspondence: Suie Levi, Department of Medicine, Iran National Standard Organization, Tehran, Iran, Email:

Keywords

Cancer • Oncology • Cancer vaccines

Introduction

Personalized cancer vaccines, also known as cancer neoantigen vaccines, are a promising area of cancer immunotherapy that aims to treat cancer by harnessing the patient's immune system to target and destroy tumor cells. These vaccines are designed to be highly specific to an individual's tumor, taking into account the unique genetic and molecular characteristics of the patient's cancer. Cancer represents a significant advancement in cancer treatment, and it has provided new hope for patients with previously untreatable or advanced cancers. It continues to be an active and promising area of cancer research and treatment development. Specific allergen injection immunotherapy is highly effective in treating IgE-mediated diseases. IgE-mediated diseases are conditions in which the immune system responds to allergens by producing IgE antibodies, leading to allergic reactions. Researchers are exploring the potential of combining immunotherapy with other treatments like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy to enhance its effectiveness. While immunotherapy has been a game-changer in cancer treatment, it doesn't work for all patients or all types of cancer. Additionally, it can sometimes cause immune-related side effects that require management. On-going research in immunotherapy aims to expand its applicability to more cancer types, improve response rates, reduce side effects, and better understand the mechanisms involved in immune response to cancer [1-3].

Literature Review

This therapy is particularly successful in managing conditions like allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and venom anaphylaxis (severe allergic reactions to insect stings or bites). Immunotherapy is effective in inhibiting both the early and late responses to allergen exposure. In allergic reactions, the early response involves the release of histamine and other mediators, leading to immediate symptoms like itching and swelling. The late response occurs hours later and is associated with more sustained symptoms. Immunotherapy helps mitigate both of these responses. During specific allergen injection immunotherapy, there is an increase in allergen-specific IgG antibodies, particularly the IgG4 isotype. IgG4 antibodies play a critical role in blocking allergic reactions. They are involved in inhibiting IgE-dependent histamine release from basophils (a type of white blood cell) and also interfere with IgE-mediated antigen presentation to T cells. Immunotherapy acts on T cells to modify peripheral and mucosal TH2 responses to allergen in favour of TH1 responses. Recent studies have identified increased IL-10 production in peripheral blood and mucosal surfaces after immunotherapy. IL-10 has numerous potential antiallergic properties, including suppression of mast cell, eosinophil, and T-cell responses, as well as acting on B cells to favour heavy chain class switching to IgG4 [4].

Personalized cancer vaccines can be complex with serum allergen

The process of identifying neoantigens specific to an individual's tumor is challenging. It involves sequencing the tumor's DNA and RNA, as well as analyzing the data to pinpoint mutations that give rise to neoantigens. This can be time-consuming and requires specialized equipment and expertise. Analyzing the massive amount of genomic data generated to select the most relevant neoantigens is a complex task. Advanced bioinformatics tools and algorithms are needed to identify the optimal targets for the vaccine. Once neoantigens are identified, they must be synthesized for inclusion in the vaccine. This can involve custom peptide synthesis, which may also include the creation of multiple peptides for the vaccine. Predicting how an individual's immune system will respond to the vaccine can be challenging. Not all neoantigens will necessarily trigger a robust immune response, and factors like the patient's immune system health play a role. The vaccine must be produced under stringent quality control conditions. It can be administered in various forms, such as intradermal injections or via other delivery methods, depending on the specifics of the vaccine [5,6].

Discussion

Close monitoring of the patient is essential to assess the vaccine's effectiveness. If the immune response is insufficient, additional booster shots or complementary treatments may be required. Before personalized cancer vaccines can be widely used, they need to undergo extensive clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy. Gaining regulatory approval can be a lengthy and complex process. The development and production of personalized cancer vaccines can be expensive and resource-intensive. This can limit their accessibility to a broader patient population.

Conclusion

In summary, cancer research and immunotherapy have likely occurred since my last update in September 2021. To get the most current information on personalized cancer vaccines, it's advisable to consult recent scientific literature and experts in the field. Despite these complexities, personalized cancer vaccines hold great promise for providing targeted and effective treatment. As research in this field advances, it is expected that the process will become more streamlined, cost-effective, and accessible. Furthermore, continued innovation in the field of immunotherapy and cancer research may lead to more sophisticated and efficient approaches to personalized cancer vaccines.

Acknowledgement

We thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticisms of the manuscript. The support from ROMA (Research Optimization and recovery in the Manufacturing industry), of the Research Council of Norway is highly appreciated by the authors.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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