Platelet-derived Extracellular Vesicles: Functions beyond Hemostasis

Hamda Berzinova^*
*Correspondence: Hamda Berzinova, Department of Tissue Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada, Email:

Introduction

Platelets are well-known for their critical role in hemostasis and blood clotting, acting as the primary cellular components responsible for preventing excessive bleeding following vascular injury. However, emerging research has revealed that platelets are involved in a broader array of physiological and pathological processes through the release of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). These platelet-derived Extracellular Vesicles (pEVs) are small membranebound particles that carry a diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, RNAs and other biomolecules, influencing various cellular functions and intercellular communication. Beyond their traditional role in clot formation, pEVs have been identified as key players in several additional biological processes. They contribute to inflammation, immune responses and tissue repair by interacting with a variety of cell types and modulating their behavior. For instance, pEVs have been shown to carry pro-inflammatory signals that can affect endothelial cells, leukocytes and other components of the immune system, thereby influencing inflammatory responses and disease progression [1].

Additionally, pEVs are implicated in cancer biology, where they can facilitate tumor growth and metastasis by transferring bioactive molecules to tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment. They may also impact the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases by promoting endothelial dysfunction and altering lipid metabolism. The ability of pEVs to carry and deliver specific cargo to target cells makes them significant players in both health and disease. Understanding the diverse roles of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles extends our knowledge of platelet function beyond hemostasis. It opens new avenues for research into how these vesicles can be leveraged for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. By exploring their involvement in various physiological and pathological processes, researchers aim to uncover novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets that could enhance disease management and treatment strategies across a range of conditions [2].

Description

Platelet-derived Extracellular Vesicles (pEVs) are emerging as important mediators in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, extending their influence well beyond their traditional role in blood clotting. These vesicles, which include exosomes and microvesicles, are released from platelets and contain a complex cargo of proteins, lipids, RNAs and other molecules. Their multifunctional nature allows them to interact with and modulate a wide range of cell types and biological systems.

Inflammation and immune response: pEVs play a significant role in inflammation by carrying pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other signaling molecules. They can influence the behavior of endothelial cells, leukocytes and macrophages, thereby affecting inflammatory responses and immune system regulation. For instance, pEVs have been shown to modulate endothelial cell activation and leukocyte recruitment, impacting conditions such as sepsis and autoimmune diseases [3].

Tissue repair and wound healing: In the context of tissue repair, pEVs contribute to wound healing by transferring growth factors and bioactive lipids that support cell proliferation, migration and tissue regeneration. They facilitate the resolution of inflammation and promote tissue repair processes, making them potential targets for therapeutic interventions in chronic wounds and tissue injuries.

Cancer progression: pEVs have been implicated in various aspects of cancer biology, including tumor growth, metastasis and resistance to therapy. By transferring oncogenic signals, miRNAs and proteins to tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, pEVs can promote tumor progression and facilitate the spread of cancer cells. Their role in modifying the tumor environment and influencing cancer cell behavior makes them significant in the context of cancer research and treatment [4].

Cardiovascular diseases: pEVs are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. They can carry molecules that influence endothelial function, platelet activation and lipid metabolism, contributing to the development of cardiovascular conditions. Their potential as biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases is an area of active research [5].

Diagnostic and therapeutic potential: The diverse cargo of pEVs holds promise for novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Their ability to reflect the physiological and pathological state of the body makes them potential biomarkers for various diseases. Additionally, pEVs may be used as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents, offering new strategies for targeted treatment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, platelet-derived Extracellular Vesicles (pEVs) represent a dynamic and versatile component of platelet function with implications extending far beyond hemostasis. Their involvement in inflammation, tissue repair, cancer progression and cardiovascular diseases underscores their importance in both health and disease. By understanding the multifaceted roles of pEVs, researchers are uncovering new insights into how these vesicles influence various biological processes and contribute to disease mechanisms. The potential of pEVs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets highlights the need for continued research in this area. Advances in our understanding of pEV biology could lead to novel diagnostic tools and treatment strategies, enhancing disease management and therapeutic outcomes across a range of conditions. As research progresses, the ability to harness the functional capabilities of pEVs may pave the way for innovative approaches to disease diagnosis and treatment, ultimately improving patient care and advancing medical science.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

1. Petroni, Debora, Costanza Fabbri, Serena Babboni and Luca Menichetti, et al. "Extracellular vesicles and intercellular communication: Challenges for in vivo molecular imaging and tracking." Pharmaceutics 15 (2023): 1639.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Saberian, Mostafa and Niloofar Abak. "Hydrogel-mediated delivery of platelet-derived exosomes: Innovations in tissue engineering." Heliyon (2024).

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

3. An, Olga and Carsten Deppermann. "Platelet lifespan and mechanisms for clearance." Curr Opin Hematol 31 (2024): 6-15.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

4. Sang, Yaqiu, Mark Roest, Bas de Laat and Philip G. de Groot, et al. "Interplay between platelets and coagulation." Blood Rev 46 (2021): 100733.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

5. Litvinov, Rustem I. and John W. Weisel. "Blood clot contraction: Mechanisms, pathophysiology and disease." Res Pract Thromb Haemost 7 (2023): 100023.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at