Preventing and Managing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV

Sebastian Schaden^*
*Correspondence: Sebastian Schaden, Department of Infectious Diseases, Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Email:

Introduction

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of the most significant global public health challenges, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Among the various dimensions of the epidemic, the transmission of HIV from mothers to their children—commonly referred to as vertical transmission—is particularly concerning. This transmission can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, potentially leading to life-long challenges for the child. However, advancements in medical science and public health interventions have made the prevention of mother-to-child transmission increasingly achievable. This article delves into the mechanisms of transmission, the preventive strategies available, and approaches for effective management. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV occurs when a child acquires the virus from an HIV-positive mother. The virus can cross the placenta and infect the developing fetus. Factors such as high maternal viral load and untreated HIV increase the risk [1,2].

Description

Managing infants born to HIV-positive mothers involves a combination of preventive measures, regular monitoring, and prompt treatment when needed. Administering antiretroviral drugs to the infant shortly after birth reduces the risk of HIV infection. The duration and regimen depend on the mother's viral load and breastfeeding practices. Early infant diagnosis is essential to detect HIV infection promptly. Diagnostic tests like polymerase chain reaction are used to identify the virus in infants. Testing is typically done at 4–6 weeks of age and repeated as necessary, especially if the infant is breastfed. HIV-exposed infants require adequate nutrition and medical care to support their growth and immune system. Providing comprehensive care reduces the overall burden of illness and ensures a better quality of life. Women who are diagnosed with HIV late in pregnancy or during labor have limited time for preventive measures. In low-resource settings, access to testing, ART, and skilled healthcare providers remains limited. Fear of discrimination discourages many women from seeking care or disclosing their HIV status. Social norms and traditional beliefs can conflict with recommended prevention practices, such as formula feeding. Global initiatives, such as the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World Health Organization, have played pivotal roles in PMTCT. Their efforts focus on expanding access to testing, treatment, and education. In many high-income countries, PMTCT programs have nearly eliminated vertical transmission due to widespread access to ART and advanced healthcare infrastructure. Countries like Botswana and Rwanda have demonstrated that with strong political will and international support, significant reductions in MTCT are achievable [3-5].

Conclusion

Preventing and managing mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a critical aspect of the global fight against HIV/AIDS. By combining medical advancements, policy initiatives, and community engagement, it is possible to reduce the transmission rate to nearly zero. However, addressing persistent challenges such as healthcare access and societal stigma remains essential. Ensuring that every mother and child has the opportunity to live a healthy, HIV-free life requires sustained efforts, innovation, and global collaboration. As we move closer to the goal of an AIDS-free generation, the success of PMTCT programs stands as a testament to the power of science, compassion, and determination.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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