Report on Sustainable Forest Management

Remi Duflot^*
*Correspondence: Remi Duflot, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland, Email:

Introduction

It is common knowledge that woods offer both concrete and abstract advantages. These advantages can be categorised into ecological values (stabilisation of the climate, soil enrichment and protection, control of water cycles, improvement of biodiversity, air purification, CO₂ sinks, potential source of new products for the pharmaceutical industry, etc.), social values (recreational and leisure space, traditional uses, landscape, employment, etc.), and economic values (timber, non-wood forest products, employment, etc.). Despite the fact that society has traditionally managed forests, it is anticipated that increased use of natural resources and increased economic growth in developing nations will result from the current increase in the world's population, which is now over 7,000 million. A discussion about managing forests to preserve biodiversity is still going on. We contend that a variety of forest management regimes in both geography and time are necessary to maximise biodiversity in managed forest landscapes. High levels of habitat variety will result from this at the landscape scale, supporting numerous groupings of forest species. We develop five hypotheses on how management diversity, or integrating different management practises, can enhance total biodiversity throughout a production forest landscape based on notions from landscape ecology. First, diversity in management will boost habitat diversity and, consequently, beta diversity (the habitat diversity hypothesis). Second, time differences in management will improve the long-term availability of various habitat types [1,2].

Description

The variety of life on Earth is referred to as biodiversity. Biodiversity, expressed simply, is the variety of all living creatures, the environments they occupy, and the interactions among them. The interactions among the elements of biodiversity enable humans and other animals to live on Earth. Around 40% of the global economy can be directly attributed to biodiversity, particularly in industries like agriculture and forestry and for providing ecosystem services like fertile soil and clean water. The survival and well-being of 70% of the world's poor people-who reside in rural areas-depends directly on biodiversity. Billion people and 350 million people heavily rely on forests for revenue and subsistence (World Bank, 2004). They lack access to sufficient and nourishing food, suitable shelter, health services, energy sources, safe drinking water, education, and a healthy environment, which are all requirements for maintaining a good level of living. By establishing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the world's nations set a goal to reduce poverty by half by 2015. It is understood that forests can be a resource for reducing poverty given their significance to the rural poor [3].

A discussion about managing forests to preserve biodiversity is still going on. We contend that a variety of forest management regimes in both geography and time are necessary to maximise biodiversity in managed forest landscapes. High levels of habitat variety will result from this at the landscape scale, supporting numerous groupings of forest species. We develop five hypotheses on how management diversity, or integrating different management practises, can enhance total biodiversity throughout a production forest landscape based on notions from landscape ecology. First, diverse management will broaden the range of habitats and, consequently, beta diversity. Although the rate of deforestation and loss of forest from natural causes has slowed down from 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s to roughly 13 million hectares per year in the last decade, the total forest area worldwide, previously estimated at 4 billion hectares, has decreased alarmingly in the last few decades. However, the rate of forest loss varies by region, and while forest cover has increased over the past 20 years in North America, Europe, and Asia, it has decreased over the same period in Africa, Central and South America, and to a lesser extent Oceania. Growing public awareness of the value of the environment and the need to protect it is evidenced by the fact that the entire area [4,5].

Conclusion

With the publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987 and the Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de (the so-called Earth Summit), respectively, the notion of sustainability started to gain prominence at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. Nevertheless, it had long been understood that natural resources needed to be protected in order for future generations to exploit them. As early as the 17^th century, it was recognised that past usage of forest resources had a detrimental impact and that future generations would need to continue using these resources. The term "sustainability" was first used, however, in the 18^th century, as in the following phrase. "Every prudent forest director must quickly assess the forest stands in order to make the most use of them while yet ensuring that future generations will benefit from them at least as much as the current generation. In the last two decades, the amount of forest within protected systems has expanded by 94 million hectares, making up 13 present of all the forests in the world. Moreover, protected areas for soil and water conservation and biological variety conservation make up 12 and 8% of the world's forests.

References

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