Shining Light on Skin Cancer: Riboflavin Derivatives as Promising Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy

Bruzell Mital^*
*Correspondence: Bruzell Mital, Department of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, Poland, Email:

Introduction

Skin cancer is a prevalent and potentially deadly form of cancer that affects millions of people worldwide. As research in the field of medical science advances, novel and innovative treatment modalities are being explored to combat this disease effectively. One such promising approach is Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), a non-invasive treatment that utilizes light, a photosensitizer and oxygen to destroy cancer cells. In recent years, riboflavin derivatives have emerged as promising photosensitizers in PDT, offering new hope in the fight against skin cancer. Photodynamic Therapy is a treatment modality that involves the administration of a photosensitizing agent, which is activated by light of a specific wavelength. When the photosensitizer is exposed to light, it undergoes a chemical reaction that produces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), leading to the destruction of targeted cells, including cancer cells. PDT is particularly advantageous for treating skin cancer as it allows for precise targeting of the affected area without causing extensive damage to surrounding healthy tissues [1].

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is an essential nutrient involved in various physiological processes. Its derivatives, such as Riboflavin-5-Phosphate (FMN) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FMN), have demonstrated potential as photosensitizers in PDT. These compounds have unique properties that make them suitable for cancer treatment, including excellent biocompatibility, low dark toxicity and efficient light absorption in the visible spectrum. In PDT using riboflavin derivatives, the photosensitizer is administered to the patient either topically or systemically, depending on the type and stage of skin cancer. Once absorbed, the photosensitizer selectively accumulates in cancer cells. When exposed to light of the appropriate wavelength, the activated riboflavin derivatives generate ROS, inducing oxidative stress within the cancer cells. This oxidative stress leads to cell death, apoptosis and the destruction of the tumor. Biocompatibility: Riboflavin derivatives are naturally occurring compounds in the body, making them well-tolerated and minimally toxic to normal tissues [2].

Description

Dark toxicity refers to the damage caused by the photosensitizer in the absence of light. Riboflavin derivatives exhibit low dark toxicity, ensuring minimal harm to healthy cells before light activation. Riboflavin derivatives efficiently absorb light in the visible spectrum, which allows for deeper tissue penetration and enhanced treatment efficacy. PDT using riboflavin derivatives allows for precise targeting of cancer cells, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Early clinical studies and preclinical research have shown promising results regarding the use of riboflavin derivatives in PDT for skin cancer. These studies indicate that this approach is not only effective but also well-tolerated by patients. Researchers are optimistic about the potential for riboflavin derivatives to become a mainstream treatment option for various types of skin cancer. As research progresses, on-going clinical trials aim to establish the safety and efficacy of riboflavin derivatives in larger patient populations. Moreover, efforts are being made to optimize treatment protocols, including refining dosages, light parameters and delivery methods, to enhance the therapeutic outcomes of PDT using riboflavin derivatives [3].

The exploration of riboflavin derivatives as photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy represents a significant step forward in the development of effective and targeted treatments for skin cancer. As researchers continue to unravel the full potential of these compounds, it is likely that PDT using riboflavin derivatives will play an increasingly vital role in the multidisciplinary approach to skin cancer management. The prospect of a non-invasive, targeted and well-tolerated treatment for skin cancer brings hope for improved outcomes and a brighter future for patients facing this challenging disease. The utilization of riboflavin derivatives as photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) heralds a promising era in the realm of skin cancer treatment. With their intrinsic biocompatibility, low dark toxicity and efficient light absorption characteristics, riboflavin derivatives offer a targeted and minimally invasive approach to combat skin cancer cells. The mechanism of action, involving the generation of reactive oxygen species upon light activation, showcases the precision and efficacy of this treatment modality [4,5].

Conclusion

Moreover, the versatility of riboflavin derivatives extends beyond their application in skin cancer. Researchers are exploring their potential in treating other types of cancers, expanding the scope of PDT to address a broader spectrum of malignancies. This diversification could revolutionize cancer treatment strategies, making PDT with riboflavin derivatives a cornerstone in the evolving landscape of oncology. As technology continues to advance, the refinement of imaging techniques and light delivery systems may contribute to the further optimization of PDT. The integration of artificial intelligence in treatment planning and monitoring could offer a sophisticated and adaptive approach, ensuring real-time adjustments for maximum therapeutic impact while minimizing side effects. In the broader context, the success of riboflavin derivatives in PDT underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers, clinicians and technology developers. This collaborative effort is crucial in accelerating the translation of ground-breaking discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic, ultimately benefiting patients by providing them with cutting-edge and effective treatment options. The journey of riboflavin derivatives in PDT for skin cancer is not just a scientific exploration but a beacon of hope for patients facing the challenges of this disease. With on-going research, technological advancements and collaborative efforts, the potential for PDT with riboflavin derivatives to revolutionize skin cancer treatment is on the horizon. As we continue to shine light on the intricacies of this innovative therapy, we anticipate a future where skin cancer can be treated with unprecedented precision, efficacy and compassion, bringing us closer to a world where this formidable disease can be effectively managed and, ultimately, overcome.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest by author.

References

1. Baptista, Mauricio S., Jean Cadet, Alexander Greer and Andres H. Thomas. "Photosensitization reactions of biomolecules: Definition, targets and mechanisms."Photochem Photobiol 97 (2021): 1456-1483.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Grininger, Martin, Heike Staudt, Patrik Johansson and Josef Wachtveitl, et al. "Dodecin is the key player in flavin homeostasis of archaea."J Biol Chem 284(2009): 13068-13076.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

3. Suwannasom, Nittiya, Ijad Kao, Axel Pruß and Radostina Georgieva and Hans Bäumler. "Riboflavin: The health benefits of a forgotten natural vitamin."Int J Mol Sci 21 (2020): 950.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

4. Yang, Ming-Yeh, Kai-Chih Chang, Liang-Yü Chen and Anren Hu. "Low-dose blue light irradiation enhances the antimicrobial activities of curcumin against Propionibacterium acnes."J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol189 (2018): 21-28.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

5. Farah, Nuratiqah, Voon Kin Chin, Pei Pei Chong and Wai Feng Lim, et al. "Riboflavin as a promising antimicrobial agent? A multi-perspective review."Microbiol Curr Res 3 (2022): 100111.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at