Sources of Telecommunication

Nattawaj Kijratanakoson^*
*Correspondence: Nattawaj Kijratanakoson, Department of Journalism and Communication, University Language Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Email:

Commentary

Telecommunication is the conveyance of data via cable, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic networks using a variety of methods. It arose from humans' need for communication over a longer distance than possible with the human voice while maintaining a similar level of expediency; as a result, slow systems (such as postal mail) are barred from the field. From beacons and other visual signals (such as smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs) through electrical cable and electromagnetic radiation, including light, telecommunication transmission media have progressed through several phases of technology. These transmission pathways are frequently separated into communication channels, allowing numerous concurrent communication sessions to be multiplexed. The plural version of telecommunication is frequently used [1].

Audio signals, such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles, were also examples of pre-modern long-distance communication. Electrical and electromagnetic technologies used in long-distance communication in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries include the telegraph, telephone, television, and teleprompter, as well as networks, radio, microwave transmission, optical fibre, and communications satellites [2].

Guglielmo Marconi, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his work in radio communications, and other notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications, launched a wireless communication revolution in the first decade of the twentieth century. They included telegraph inventors Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse, telephone inventors Antonio Meucci and Alexander Graham Bell (see Invention of the Telephone), radio inventors Edwin Armstrong and Lee de Forest, and radio inventors Vladimir K. Zworykin, John Logie Baird, and Philo Farnsworth (some of the inventors of television) [3].

Copper wires were used as the physical medium for signal transmission in the early telecommunication networks. These networks were utilised for basic phone services, such as voice and telegrams, for many years. Voice has increasingly been superseded by data since the mid-1990s, as the internet has increased in popularity. This quickly revealed copper's limitations in data transfer, encouraging the creation of optics [4].

Telephone and telegraph

On July 25, 1837, English inventor Sir William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Sir Charles Wheatstone exhibited the first commercial electrical telegraph. Both inventors saw their technology as "an upgrade to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph," rather than a completely new invention.

On September 2, 1837, Samuel Morse displayed an unsuccessful version of the electrical telegraph that he had invented independently. His code was a significant improvement over Wheatstone's signalling system. On July 27, 1866, the first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully built, allowing for the first time intercontinental telecommunication.

Radio and television media

Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, began researching wireless communication in 1894, using the then-newly discovered phenomena of radio waves, demonstrating that they could be broadcast over the Atlantic Ocean by 1901.

This marked the beginning of radio-based wireless telegraphy. A transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America on December 17, 1902, and a commercial service was established in 1904 to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers.

Thermionic valves

A thermionic tube or thermionic valve is a type of device that employs the phenomena of thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode to perform a variety of basic electronic operations like signal amplification and current rectification.

Non-thermionic forms, such as a vacuum phototube, use the photoelectric effect to create electron emission and are used for things like light level detection. The electric field in the tube accelerates electrons from the cathode to the anode in both forms.

Transmission capacity expansion

From 281 petabytes (pB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 pB in 1993, 2.2 exabytes (eB) in 2000, and 65 eB in 2007, the effective ability to communicate information globally through two-way telecommunication networks has increased.

In 1986, this was the informational equal of two newspaper pages per person per day, and by 2007, it was the equivalent of six whole newspapers per person per day. Telecoms are playing an increasingly vital part in the global economy as a result of this growth, and the worldwide telecommunications business was worth roughly US$4.7 trillion in 2012. In 2010, the global telecommunications industry's service revenue was predicted to reach $1.5 trillion, accounting for 2.4 percent of global gross domestic product (GDP).

Networks of communication

A telecommunications network is made up of transmitters, receivers, and communication channels that exchange messages. One or more routers are used in some digital communications networks to send information to the correct user. One or more switches form the basis of an analogue communications network, which connects two or more users. Repeaters may be required for both sorts of networks to amplify or replicate the signal when it is transmitted over large distances. This is to avoid signal attenuation, which can make the signal indistinguishable from noise. Another advantage of digital systems over analogue systems is that their output is easier to remember, i.e. two voltage levels (high and low) are easier to remember than a single voltage state [5].

References

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