Stromal Cells: Key Players in Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration

Hernan Lotfi^*
*Correspondence: Hernan Lotfi, Department of Medical Biology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, Email:

Introduction

Stromal cells, a heterogeneous population of cells found in various tissues and organs, play a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, supporting cellular functions, and orchestrating tissue regeneration processes. With their remarkable plasticity and diverse functions, stromal cells contribute to tissue development; wound healing, and immune responses. This article provides a comprehensive overview of stromal cells, highlighting their characteristics, functions, and therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. The discussion encompasses the different types of stromal cells, their roles in tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and immunomodulation, as well as emerging research and clinical applications. Stromal cells are non-parenchymal cells that form the structural framework of various tissues and provide support to the parenchymal cells. They are a heterogeneous group of cells with distinct origins, characteristics, and functions. Stromal cells have gained significant attention in recent years due to their critical role in tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration. This article aims to explore the diversity and functions of stromal cells in different tissues, highlighting their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine [1].

Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as multipotent stromal cells, are one of the most extensively studied types of stromal cells. They can be isolated from various sources, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and dental pulp. MSCs possess self-renewal capacity and can differentiate into multiple cell lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Moreover, they exhibit immunomodulatory properties, making them attractive candidates for cell-based therapies. Fibroblasts are the most abundant stromal cells found in connective tissues. They are responsible for synthesizing and maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of proteins that provides structural support to the tissues. Fibroblasts also play a crucial role in wound healing, as they migrate to the site of injury and produce ECM components to facilitate tissue repair.

Description

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are stromal cells that participate in bone remodelling. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption. The balanced activity of these two cell types is critical for maintaining bone integrity and strength. Stromal cells contribute to tissue homeostasis through their roles in ECM synthesis, remodelling, and maintenance. Fibroblasts, for example, secrete collagen and other ECM components, providing mechanical support to tissues. MSCs and pericytes regulate tissue homeostasis by differentiating into specialized cell types and replenishing damaged or aging cells. Stromal cells actively participate in tissue repair and regeneration processes. Following injury, MSCs and fibroblasts migrate to the site of damage, where they promote tissue healing by producing growth factors, cytokines, and ECM components. Pericytes, in addition to their role in angiogenesis, have been shown to contribute to tissue regeneration by differentiating into myocytes and neurons [2,3].

Stromal cells exhibit immunomodulatory properties, regulating immune responses and inflammation. MSCs, for instance, possess antiinflammatory capabilities and can suppress the activity of immune cells. These immunomodulatory effects make MSCs promising candidates for the treatment of immune-related disorders and transplant rejection. The unique characteristics of stromal cells have made them valuable tools in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. MSCs, in particular, have been extensively investigated for their therapeutic potential in a wide range of conditions, including bone and cartilage defects, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders. The ability of stromal cells to modulate immune responses and promote tissue regeneration holds promise for developing innovative cell-based therapies [4,5].

Conclusion

Ongoing research is uncovering novel aspects of stromal cell biology and expanding their potential applications. Recent studies have explored the role of stromal cells in cancer progression and metastasis, highlighting their complex interactions with tumour cells. Furthermore, researchers are investigating the use of stromal cells in combination with biomaterials and growth factors to enhance tissue engineering approaches and improve clinical outcomes. Despite the promising therapeutic potential of stromal cells, several challenges need to be addressed for their successful translation into clinical practice. These challenges include standardization of isolation and characterization methods, optimizing cell delivery and engraftment, and ensuring long-term safety and efficacy. Future research efforts should focus on unravelling the intricate mechanisms underlying stromal cell functions and harnessing their regenerative potential through innovative strategies. Stromal cells constitute a diverse population of cells that play crucial roles in tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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