The Phagocyte of the Healthy Cell: Biological Viruses

Jun Inoue^*
*Correspondence: Jun Inoue, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Japan, Japan, Email:

Commentary

Germs have both living and non-living characteristics. A unique feature that distinguishes germs from other organisms is the fact that they need other substances in order to survive. Therefore, they are considered responsible parasites. Bacteria can spread in many ways which are Airborne - Bacteria infect their carriers in the open air, Blood Borne - Transmission between organisms when infected blood enters the circulatory system, Pollution - It is caused by the use of substances such as water and contaminated food inside. Thus, viruses have many ways of transmitting from one creature to another.

Small germs, because of their size and simplicity, they cannot replicate themselves independently. Therefore, when a virus is detected in a host, it needs recycling methods before it can be eliminated without producing other viruses. This is done by altering the cell's genetic makeup to begin encoding the material needed to make more viruses. By modifying the cell commands, more viruses can be produced. This can also affect many cells and help maintain their existence as a species. The following is a step-by-step guide on how a typical bacteriophage (a virus that infects viral cells) controls its own immune cell and reproduces itself.

The virus approaches the host cell and attaches itself to its cell membrane. The tail gives the virus ways to insert its genetic information into the host cell. Nucleotides from the keeper were 'stolen' so that the virus could make its own copies. Viral DNA mutates the genetic engineering of a cell that is responsible for creating the proteins of the newly formed DNA virus. The DNA virus enters its DNA garment. The cell is inflamed with multiple copies of the original virus and then explodes, allowing the virus to attach to other nearby cells. The process begins with a number of viruses that invade new host cells. Without a precautionary measure, the infected host will soon die.

Organisms must find a way to protect themselves from the antigens such viruses described in the previous study. Otherwise, bacteria, fungi, and viruses would multiply uncontrollably within the natural environment. Organisms therefore use many forms of protection to prevent this from happening. Protective systems can be separated by first and second lines of protection; the first line is usually in direct contact with the external environment. The leather is an excellent protection because it provides an impenetrable barrier that protects the inner environment. Lysozyme is an enzyme found in tears and saliva that has a great ability to digest food, and can reverse external agents that are harmful before entering the body. The thickening of blood near open wounds prevents the open area of antigens from easily entering the body by tightening the blood.

Mucus and cilia helps in entrapping the foreign agents that enters in the opening of the body that is the nose, throat and ear. The cell wall of plants contains proteins that provide a barrier to parasites (antigens).

The second line of defense works with antigens that have exceeded the first line of defense and remain a threat to the infected body. The virus inside the cell conveys chemical messages taken by the phagocyte. Germs identify the cell as a potential host and travel to it. The cell is ready for this and the virus is trapped in its own vacuole all around. The virus is a permanent duck that is harmless at present. The lysosomes that get the virus and the digestive enzymes within them begin to break down the bacteria. Residues of lysosome and bacterium materials are deposited in the cytoplasm.

This tells these neighboring cells that there is an antigen nearby and instructs them to begin encoding an antiviral protein, which, when activated, protects the cell by shutting it down. This simultaneously, leads to the restriction of the antigen in replicating its DNA or nay other genetic material along with the protein coat of the cell prevents its spreading within its body. These antiviral proteins provide the body with protection against various viruses.

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to the journal editor and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions

Conflict of Interest

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.