The Role of Biometric Profiling in Unraveling Genetic Identity and Solving Crimes

Welna Rose^*
*Correspondence: Welna Rose, Department of Biostatistics, Science and Technology of New York, New York, USA, Email:

Introduction

Biometric profiling, often referred to as biometric fingerprinting, has transformed forensic science and criminal investigations. Among the most impactful methods in this field is DNA profiling, a technique that allows for the creation of unique genetic identities and plays a vital role in solving crimes. This article explores the methodology of DNA profiling, its diverse applications, and the significant influence it has had on criminal justice, including its potential ethical concerns. DNA profiling is a powerful forensic tool used to analyze specific regions of an individual's DNA to create a unique genetic profile. This method is based on the fact that each person’s DNA contains distinctive sequences that can be used to identify them with a high degree of certainty.

Description

The process starts by extracting DNA from biological samples, which can include blood, hair, saliva, or skin cells. Once the DNA is extracted, a technique called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to amplify specific regions of the DNA. This amplification ensures there is enough material to work with, even if the sample is small or degraded. The resulting DNA profile is made up of Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) — regions of DNA that contain repetitive sequences. These regions vary in length from individual to individual, providing a genetic "signature" that is unique to each person. By analyzing and comparing these STRs across different samples, forensic scientists can determine whether two samples match. DNA profiles are compared in a laboratory using electrophoresis techniques, such as gel or capillary electrophoresis, which separates the fragments based on their size, revealing differences in DNA sequences that create individual genetic profiles [1].

The core methodology of DNA profiling is based on the analysis of STR regions in the DNA. STRs are particularly useful because they are highly variable between individuals, meaning they can provide a distinct genetic fingerprint. PCR targets specific loci (locations) within the DNA where STRs are present, and these loci are amplified for further analysis. The lengths of the STR alleles (the different variations of a particular STR) are then compared to create a unique genetic profile. To generate a profile, forensic scientists typically examine multiple STR loci, as using a single STR may not provide enough resolution to distinguish between individuals. The greater the number of loci analyzed, the higher the accuracy of the identification. The process of STR analysis has become increasingly refined with the use of advanced technologies, allowing for a greater number of loci to be analyzed simultaneously.

DNA profiling has a broad range of applications in forensic science and criminal investigations. In the criminal justice system, DNA profiling is used extensively to identify suspects, link individuals to crime scenes, and exonerate the innocent. It plays a pivotal role in solving cold cases, where the passage of time may have clouded other lines of evidence. By comparing DNA from a crime scene to that of suspects or individuals in a DNA database, investigators can often make critical breakthroughs in previously unsolved cases [2].

Additionally, DNA profiling is crucial in identifying victims of mass disasters or unidentified human remains. Forensic teams can compare DNA samples from the scene with those of missing persons or family members, facilitating the identification of victims and providing closure to grieving families. The method is also used in paternity testing, where DNA profiles can confirm or exclude biological parentage with a high degree of accuracy. Another important application of DNA profiling is in immigration cases, where genetic relationship testing may be used to establish familial ties for purposes such as family reunification or citizenship claims. As DNA profiling technology advances, these applications continue to expand and evolve. One of the most significant innovations in the use of DNA profiling is the establishment of DNA databases. These databases store DNA profiles collected from convicted offenders, crime scenes, and other sources. By comparing new DNA profiles with those stored in the database, law enforcement agencies can quickly identify potential suspects or link crimes that might otherwise appear unrelated [3].

DNA databases have become invaluable tools for solving crimes, especially when a repeat offender is involved. They help investigators find connections between different crime scenes and identify serial offenders, increasing the efficiency and accuracy of criminal investigations. In many countries, these databases have proven to be an essential resource in identifying individuals who may have committed multiple crimes over an extended period. As technology advances, DNA profiling continues to improve in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. One of the most significant advancements in the field is the development of Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) technology. MPS allows for the analysis of a broader range of genetic markers than traditional methods, with higher sensitivity and accuracy. This technology is particularly valuable when dealing with degraded or trace DNA samples, which are often encountered in forensic investigations, especially in cases involving old or partial evidence. Furthermore, the advent of miniaturized and portable DNA sequencing devices has revolutionized the field. These devices allow for on-site DNA profiling, enabling real-time analysis at crime scenes or disaster sites. Rapid DNA analysis systems are now being used to quickly identify suspects or victims, accelerating the pace of investigations and providing crucial information in real time. The ability to obtain genetic profiles on-site eliminates the need to wait for laboratory results, which can be critical in time-sensitive situations [4,5].

Conclusion

DNA profiling has fundamentally transformed the field of forensic science and criminal investigations. By providing a precise method for establishing genetic identities, it has become a powerful tool for solving crimes, exonerating the innocent, and identifying victims of disasters. The continued advancement of DNA profiling technologies, including more sensitive and portable analysis methods, ensures that this tool will remain essential in criminal investigations for years to come. While ethical and legal concerns must be carefully managed to prevent misuse and protect privacy, the potential of DNA profiling to enhance public safety and advance justice is undeniable. As the field of genetics continues to evolve, DNA profiling will continue to evolve with it, offering even more sophisticated and reliable methods for analyzing and interpreting genetic data.

References

1. Amoore, Louise. "Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror." Political Geogr 25 (2006): 336-351.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Clarke, Nathan. "Transparent user authentication: Biometrics, RFID and behavioural profiling." Springer Science & Business Media 2011.

   Google Scholar, Indexed at

3. Alderson, Alison, Leon N. Davies, Edward AH Mallen and Amy L. Sheppard. "A method for profiling biometric changes during disaccommodation." Optom Vis Sci 89 (2012): E738-E748.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

4. De Keyser, Arne, Yakov Bart, Xian Gu and Stephanie Q. et al. "Opportunities and challenges of using biometrics for business: Developing a research agenda." Optom Vis Sci 136 (2021): 52-62.

   Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

5. Kruger, Erin, Shoshana Magnet and Joost Van Loon. "Biometric revisions of thebody'in airports and US welfare reform." Body Soc 14 (2008): 99-121.

   Google Scholar