Traumatic Disorders and its Effect on the Nervous System

Supraja Erigeshi^*
*Correspondence: Supraja Erigeshi, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India, Email:

References

1.  Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. "Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults". Lancet Neurology. 7 (2008): 728–41.
2.  Saatman KE, Duhaime AC. "Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies". Journal of Neurotrauma. 25 (2008): 719–38.
3.  Arlinghaus KA, Shoaib AM, Price TR. "Neuropsychiatric assessment". In Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC (eds.). Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. (2005):63–65.
4.  Kushner D. "Mild traumatic brain injury: Toward understanding manifestations and treatment". Archives of Internal Medicine. 158 (1998): 1617–24.

Traumatic brain injury is a kind of acquired brain injury, happens when a sudden trauma causes injury to the brain. Traumatic brain injury can happen when head suddenly and hits an object, or when an object pierces into the skull and brain tissue. Traumatic brain Injury is a injury to the brain resulting from external mechanical force, such as impact waves, fast acceleration affect [1]. A traumatic brain injury also known as an intracranial harm, is a damage to the brain caused by an external force. Traumatic brain damage can be classified based on severity, mechanism, and other features. Brain injuries can be classified into mild, severe and moderate categories [2]. Head damage could be a broader category that will include harm to other structures such as the scalp and cranium. traumatic brain damage can result in physical, cognitive, social, emotional and behavioral symptoms, and results can run from complete recovery to permanent disability or death.

Symptoms are dependent on the sort of TBI and the part of the brain that's affected [3]. Unconsciousness tends to endure longer for individuals with damage on the left side of the brain than those with injuries on the right side. Symptoms are also dependent on the injury's severity. With mild TBI, the patient may remain conscious or may lose awareness for a few seconds or minutes. Other side effects of mild TBI incorporate migraine, vomiting, nausea, lack of motor coordination, dizziness, difficulty balancing [4]. unsteadiness, blurred vision or tired eyes, ringing within the ears, bad taste within the mouth, weakness or lethargy, and changes in sleep patterns. Cognitive and emotional side effects incorporate behavioral or mood changes, perplexity, and trouble with memory, concentration, attention, or thinking. Mild TBI symptoms may too be present in direct and severe injuries. A individual with a moderate or severe TBI may have a migraine that does not go away, repeated vomiting or nausea, shakings, an inability to stir, expansion of one or both pupils, slurred speech, aphasia, dysarthria weakness or numbness within the limbs, loss of coordination, perplexity, anxiety, or agitation.

When the pressure inside the cranium rises too high, it can be dangerous. Signs of increased ICP incorporate diminishing level of consciousness, paralysis or weakness on one side of the body, and a blown pupil, one that fails to constrict in reaction to light or is slow to do so. Causes include falls, vehicle collisions and violence. Brain injury occurs as a result of a sudden increasing speed or deceleration inside the cranium or by a complex combination of both movement and sudden affect.

The type, intensity, duration, and direction of forces all contribute to the characteristics and severity TBI. Forces involving the head striking, termed contact, are the cause of most focal injuries, and movement of the brain within the skull.

A large percentage of the individuals killed by brain injury don't die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. Primary brain injury the harm that happens at the moment of injury when tissues and blood vessels are extended, compressed, and torn. Secondary injury events incorporate harm to the blood–brain barrier, release of variables that cause inflammation, free radical overload, excessive discharge of the neurotransmitter glutamate, influx of calcium and sodium ions into neurons, and dysfunction of mitochondria.

Prevention measures incorporate use of seat belts and helmets, not drinking and driving, fall prevention efforts in older adults and safety measures for children.