Using a Ferroelectric E-Nose, Intraoperative Bacterial Disease in Children can be Identified

Anastasiia Menzhulina^*
*Correspondence: Anastasiia Menzhulina, Department of Childhood Diseases and Polyclinic Pediatrics, Voronezh State Medical University Named after N. N. Burdenko, Voronezh 394000, Russia, Email:

Introduction

Antibiotics are frequently provided to children nowadays, even when there is no conclusive proof that a bacterial aetiology is to blame. This is so that the presence of microorganisms and their sensitivity to different classes of antibiotics can't be readily determined using a diagnostic tool. This is particularly true for surgical patients, for whom taking antibiotics doesn't always keep an infection from developing. Antibiotics may not always be advised prior to surgery. However, broad-spectrum antibiotics are necessary for abdominal infections. Their use frequently has negative side effects or is insufficient to stop the emergence of bacterial problems [1].

Long-term antibiotic use is proven to lower the chance of re-infection, but it can also lead to addiction and tolerance. microbial agents to them. In turn, this necessitates the use of classes of stronger reserved medications; however, the list of side effects and contraindications is much longer and many have an upper age limit. Studies also show that using antibiotics to prevent postoperative complications is ineffective [2]. Therefore, a resolution to combat antibiotic resistance was accepted by the 67^th WHO Assembly in May 2014. When treating children, it is crucial to take into account the effects on the normal microbiota since the increasing antibiotic resistance of the internal pathogenic microbiota can disturb the body's normal microbiota and result in digestive issues. As a result, it is essential to identify the disease's aetiology as soon as possible to avoid administering unnecessary antibiotics and to employ alternate techniques to prevent surgical infections [3].

A variety of data processing techniques are used to analyse sensor output curves in order to anticipate the existence of an infection. These techniques include projection methods for data compression and decomposition, as well as Internet of Things sensor systems. The output data from arrays of sensors and gas chromatography are subjected to the most popular regression algorithms (partial least squares regression, linear cross-correlation methodology, and black box model). To decrease the input data dimension and estimate the anticipated indicators, new methods have been presented. The goal of the research is to discover whether it is feasible to detect the presence of a bacterial infection utilising a variety of chemical sensors with different sensitivity coatings by examining the equilibrium gas phase of urine samples in kids [4].

Description

90 urine samples from patients in various departments of a children's hospital were analysed to find differences in the composition of the equilibrium gas phase (EGP) in patients aged 1 to 16 with bacterial contamination of the urogenital tract or inflammatory processes of other tissues and organs of bacterial aetiology. In addition, 33 patients had bacteriological examination of the biomaterial if surgical intervention was required (furuncle, abscess, etc.), which was done to identify the presence and kind of pathogen [5]. With the patients' or their legal representatives' informed consent, the investigations were carried out in the clinical laboratory of Region Hospital No. 2 in Voronezh from 2017 to 2018. Contact with patients throughout the test was not performed; a particular exemption from the ethical committee's approval was not necessary [6].

The findings of sediment microscopy are significant markers of urine's overall analysis. The redistribution of volatile chemicals at the gas-liquid interface and, consequently, the outcomes of analysis by a variety of sensors will be impacted by the presence of salts (oxalates, urates), mucus, protein, and erythrocytes in the samples. In half of the samples, urine sediment examined under a microscope revealed the presence of mucus, which was occasionally accompanied by leukocyturia (more than five per field of view). If other signs are within the normal range, this may point to the presence of an unspecific inflammatory process in the urogenital tract [7].

It is well known that a variety of diseases can be identified by a particular odour and a group of volatile compounds as a result. Human secretions contain a variety of chemicals that are metabolites in pathogenic processes. Therefore, using identification parameters determined by Equations, volatile markers were detected in urine samples' EGP. It has been determined that practically all samples include ethanol, butanol, and their oxidation byproducts (acetic and butyric acids). The distribution of the presence of various chemicals in urine sample EGPs varies by department and can be attributed to both physiological processes taking place within the body and unique drug metabolism characteristics under the accepted treatment procedure [8].

The fact that the Hydrogen sulphide is a sign of wounds and inflammatory conditions that need surgical treatment but do not compromise the integrity of the skin (furuncle, abscess, cyst, closed fractures with displacement) (surgical departments). During bacteriological tests of the biomaterial, hydrogen sulphide is found in urine samples from individuals who are distinguished by the absence of pathogenic microorganisms, which suggests the development of an aseptic inflammatory process. Patients from the neurosurgical and purulentseptic departments frequently have acetone, ethyl acetate, and isovaleric acid present. The findings suggest that transitory metabolic abnormalities linked to brain traumas share similarities with metabolites associated with inflammatory processes of bacterial origin [9].

More frequently, phenol is present in the individuals who had purulentseptic pathologies and thermal burns contained aliphatic amines and ammonia, which is a sign of a huge lesion. Depending on the pathology, it can be challenging to distinguish between the presence of cyclic amines and acetals in urine samples using EGP because these substances can be byproducts of the metabolism of therapeutic medication substances. As a result, the presence of bacterial infections in children can be swiftly determined with a high level of sensitivity and specificity using the results of the EGP analysis of urine samples using a variety of sensors and a straightforward computation of the infection indicator [10].

Conclusion

The task entailed using the array of sensors' parameters to identify substance markers of pathogenic processes in urine sample EGPs. The presence of chemicals and various diseases were correlated (department of the hospital). A sensor array's most useful output data for identifying bacterial pathology was identified. An array of sensors with specific film coatings were used to analyse the equilibrium gas phase of urine samples, and the results showed the potential for predicting the existence of a bacterial infection. Using sensor arrays, there are numerous techniques to enhance the metrological properties of PLS models. Utilizing the characteristics of the EGP of a urine sample's sorption kinetics could be one approach.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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