Hiteksha S. Panchal
Raul Montalvo Otivo*, Salome Ochoa, JF Quispe-Pari, Jorge De La Cruz, Julio Rosales and Angela Gomez
Background: Since the emergence of the pandemic caused by Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), Social isolation is one of the measures adopted by the countries in order to flatten the curve, thus reducing the productive capacity of the affected cities, while allowing health systems to manage care capacity. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic losses due to COVID-19 in Peru. Methods: To estimate the economic loss, direct and indirect costs were determined from the health system perspective. The direct cost was represented by the expenses caused by the care provided by the health facility to the patient and the indirect cost is represented by the loss of economic production. Results: Of a total of 363 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Peru, the percentage of patients requiring hospitalization was 12.3%, and those requiring admission to Intensive Care was 3.9%. The direct cost was $1708 for each patient who received care in a hospital of the Ministry of health through the comprehensive health insurance (SIS); $2,300 if the patient received treatment from Social Security (EsSalud) and US $ 3,192 if he went to a private clinic. In relation to the indirect cost, it ranged from $1447.0 in the patients that are treated by the SIS to $4102.0 for each patient that is attended in private institutions. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that caring for a patient with COVID-19 imposes a heavy economic burden on Peru.
Martin Connock*, Mubarak Patel, Daniel Gallacher and Aileen Clarke
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2022.7.154
Background: Most Health Technology Appraisals (HTA) model survival data using a conventional set of six parametric distributions. Alternative and potentially useful distributions exist and could also be exploited. Rayleigh 2 parameter (R2P) and Weibull models are both defined with two parameters and exhibit monotonic hazard; the Rayleigh model is relatively unused in HTA and should not be regarded as just a special case of the Weibull model.
Aim: To explore circumstances where the predictions from R2P and Weibull models may differ or coincide.
Method: Stata software was used to model sample survival data with R2P and Weibull models and to compare the predicted hazard and survival from each parametric.
Results: R2P models generate different predictions to Weibull models except in the special case where the Weibull shape parameter equals or closely approaches two and the Weibull hazard prediction is linearly increasing. When compared to Weibull models R2P models may generate a better fit to observed data according to conventionally used indicators of goodness of fit.
Conclusion: Rayleigh modelling of survival warrants inclusion in the survival modelling undertaken in Health Technology Appraisals.
Rasmus Vinther Russell*, MJG Dunn
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2022.7.152.
Background: Bronchoscopy procedures are conventionally associated with complex supporting processes, large capital investments and inevitable repairs. Cost-comparison analysis with the single-use bronchoscope Ambu® aScope™4 Broncho within a UK intensive care unit have never been done before.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a cost-comparison analysis of reusable vs single-use bronchoscopes within the intensive care unit of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh via a micro-costing method.
Results: At the current split between reusable and single-use bronchoscopes, the incremental cost of using single-use vs. reusable bronchoscopes was £111. In a binary setup with either reusable or single-use bronchoscopes, the incremental procedure cost was£90. Singleuse bronchoscopes were cost-minimising up to 75 annual procedures per reusable bronchoscope. When including a 0.72% and 2.8% risk of cross-infection the incremental cost of was £159 and £352.
Conclusion: Single-use is cost-effective compared with reusable bronchoscopes within the ICU setting.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2022.7.155
In 15–35% of cases, depending on the specifics of the traumatic event and the subject's subjective experience, a scenario or stressful occurrence that is extraordinarily threatening or catastrophic and could result in clear distress symptoms in the majority of people "causes" PTSD.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2022.7.151
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DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2022.7.160
Based on the analysis of objective and subjective parameters as well as the influence of the fractured side on the final results, the purpose of this study was to assess patients' quality of life after treatment for a distal radius fracture (at least six months but no more than ten years after the treatment).Thirty women, all of whom claimed to be right-handed and were divided according to the side of the fracture (left limb or right limb), were included in the study sample. A goniometer was used to check for active wrist movement, elbow joint pronation, and supination. In addition, a dynamometer made by Biometrics Ltd. was used to measure the upper limb's global grip strength. After that, patients were given the PRWE wrist evaluation questionnaire and the Polish version of the SF-36 questionnaire that measured quality of life.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2022.7.159
Günther Krumpl and Evelyn Walter*
DOI: 10.37421/2157-1042.2022.8.161
Background: Sepsis and septic-shock are associated with cardiovascular problems, including tachyarrhythmia, myocardial injury, and changes in vascular endothelial function that might affect cardiac output with potential fatal outcome. The consequences of sepsis extend well beyond the acute illness. Tachycardia and new-onset atrial-fibrillation (AF), often treated with less effective agents such as amiodarone, are key prognostic factors for sepsis and associated with increased use of health-care resources and costs. Early decrease of heart-rate is associated with improved outcome. The use of β-blockers for managing acute arrhythmias in patients with septic-shock has been described in the literature. Landiolol, an ultra-short-acting β1-selective adrenergic-receptor-antagonist, is used specifically for the acute management of atrial-fibrillation and atrial-flutter in critically ill patients with/without cardiac-dysfunction.
Methods: A decision-model was developed to reflect the cost-effectiveness of landiolol in addition to conventional-therapy vs. standard-of-care (SoC) to manage sepsis-related tachyarrhythmia. The model combines a short-term decision tree to describe the time span of the sepsis related hospitalization over 28 days. The endpoint of the decision tree was then combined with a Markov model to simulate a life-long time horizon, as AF and post discharge mortality occurrence following sepsis hospitalization was more common among patients with new-onset AF during sepsis. The model calculates total costs (incl. hospital-stay, ICU and ventilation, AF costs) quality-adjusted life-years/QALYs and life-years/LYs over life-time.
Results: Manage sepsis related tachyarrhythmia with landiolol led to estimated lifetime costs of 59.130.79 € (95%-CI=53,436-64,901) per patient and 4.02 QALYs (5.56 LYs) over a life-time horizon. SOC was associated with 60.935.11 € (95%-CI=47,928-73,124) and 3.55 QALYs (5.01 LYs). Landiolol yields cost savings of about 1,804.31 € per patient and a QALY gain of 0.47 or 5.63 months in perfect health. Landiolol resulted in a life year gain of 0.54 LYs.
Conclusion: The economic analysis shows that the use of landiolol is associated with costs saving from the payer’s perspective.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.162
Pharmacoeconomic studies provide valuable information for healthcare decision-makers by assessing the economic impact of pharmaceutical interventions. Despite their importance, such studies face several challenges and barriers that may hinder their conduct and implementation. This review aims to explore the barriers and facilitators of pharmacoeconomic studies in Middle Eastern countries and suggest potential solutions to overcome these challenges.A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases for relevant articles published from January 2010 to December 2021. The search was limited to studies conducted in Middle Eastern countries and those reporting on barriers and facilitators of pharmacoeconomic studies. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool. A total of 25 studies were included in this review. The main barriers to conducting pharmacoeconomic studies in Middle Eastern countries included limited funding, lack of trained personnel, inadequate data availability, and cultural barriers. On the other hand, the main facilitators of conducting such studies were the presence of supportive policies and regulations, collaborations between academia and industry, and the availability of skilled researchers. Moreover, the use of modeling techniques and the development of local pharmacoeconomic guidelines were suggested as potential solutions to overcome the identified barriers.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.163
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Pharmacopoeia is a comprehensive guide to the identification, quality control, and therapeutic use of medicinal substances. It is a critical reference tool for healthcare professionals, pharmacists, regulators, and manufacturers to ensure that medicines are safe, effective, and of high quality. Pharmacopoeias have a long history, dating back to ancient civilizations, and have evolved into international standards that govern the development and regulation of pharmaceuticals worldwide. This essay will explore the history and evolution of pharmacopoeias, the role of pharmacopoeias in modern healthcare, and the importance of pharmacopoeias in quality control of medicines. The history of pharmacopoeias can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and China. The earliest known pharmacopoeia is the Ebers Papyrus, which was written in Egypt around 1550 BCE and contained information on over 700 medicinal substances. The Greeks also produced several pharmacopoeias, including the Hippocratic Corpus, which contained descriptions of hundreds of medicinal plants and their therapeutic uses. In China, the earliest known pharmacopoeia is the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, which was written around 100 BCE and contained information on over 350 medicinal substances.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.167
Pharmacopoeias have a rich and diverse history dating back to ancient times. The earliest known pharmacopoeia is the Chinese Shennong Benaco Jing, which was written in the 3rd century BCE and contains descriptions of hundreds of medicinal plants and their uses. The Greeks and Romans also had their own pharmacopoeias, which included descriptions of herbal remedies and other medicinal substances. In the middle Ages, Arab scholars built upon the Greek and Roman pharmacopoeias and developed their own systems of medicine, which included a focus on pharmacology and pharmacy. One of the most influential works from this period was the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna, which was written in the 11th century and remained a standard medical text for centuries. During the Renaissance, the study of medicine and pharmacy was further advanced in Europe, with the publication of several important pharmacopoeias. One of the most significant was the Pharmacopoeia. Which was published in 1618 and remained the official pharmacopoeia of England until the 19th century? This pharmacopoeia contained descriptions of medicinal substances, along with recipes for preparing medicines and instructions for quality control.
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Pharmacoeconomics is a field that aims to evaluate the economic impact of pharmaceutical products and interventions on healthcare systems. Within this field, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) plays a crucial role in assessing the value of healthcare interventions by comparing their costs and outcomes. This comprehensive review examines the importance of CEA in pharmacoeconomics and its applications in decision-making processes, resource allocation, and healthcare policy. Cost-effectiveness analysis is a tool used to evaluate the relative value of different healthcare interventions. It involves comparing the costs of an intervention with its outcomes or benefits in monetary or quantitative terms. CEA provides a systematic framework for decision-makers to assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions and allocate resources efficiently. CEA utilizes various methodologies, such as decision trees, Markov models, and simulation techniques, to estimate costs and outcomes. The review discusses these methodologies and highlights their advantages and limitations in different healthcare contexts. Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis are also crucial components of CEA, allowing for the assessment of the robustness of results and addressing uncertainties.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.172
Pharmacological interventions play a crucial role in healthcare, providing effective treatments for various medical conditions. However, in an era of limited resources, it is essential to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these interventions to ensure optimal allocation of healthcare funds. This article explores the methodological considerations involved in assessing the cost-effectiveness of pharmacological interventions, including the choice of study perspective, modeling techniques, data sources, and key parameters. By employing rigorous and standardized methodologies, researchers and decision-makers can make informed decisions about the value of pharmacological interventions and promote the efficient use of healthcare resources.
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Personalized medicine has emerged as a promising approach to healthcare, tailoring medical treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup, lifestyle factors, and environmental influences. While personalized medicine offers the potential for improved patient outcomes and targeted interventions, its economic implications have garnered significant attention. This paper explores the economic evaluation of personalized medicine, with a specific focus on the application of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA). By quantifying the costs and outcomes associated with personalized medicine interventions, CEA provides a framework to assess the value and efficiency of these treatments. This analysis reveals the complexities involved in evaluating personalized medicine from an economic perspective and highlights the need for robust data, appropriate methodology, and consideration of broader societal implications.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.177
Pharmaceutical policies play a crucial role in shaping healthcare systems, ensuring access to affordable and effective medicines, and promoting public health. In an era of limited resources and escalating healthcare costs, decision-makers face the challenge of allocating funds efficiently while maintaining high-quality care. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) has emerged as a valuable tool for assessing the impact of pharmaceutical policies on healthcare decision-making. This article examines the significance of CEA in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical interventions and its influence on healthcare policy formulation. CEA is a systematic approach that compares the relative costs and outcomes of different healthcare interventions, including pharmaceuticals. It provides decision-makers with evidence on the value of interventions and their efficiency in achieving desired health outcomes. CEA typically measures the cost per unit of health gain, such as cost per Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) gained. By quantifying costs and benefits in a standardized manner, CEA enables policymakers to make informed decisions regarding the allocation of scarce healthcare resources.
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of healthcare, Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems have emerged as a cornerstone of modern healthcare delivery. EHR systems promise to streamline care coordination by facilitating the sharing of patient information across various healthcare providers and institutions. This technology has the potential to revolutionize patient care, improve outcomes, and reduce inefficiencies. However, the implementation of EHR systems comes with its own set of challenges and requires adherence to best practices to ensure successful integration into the healthcare workflow. EHR systems serve as comprehensive digital repositories for patient health information, including medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, and more. One of the most significant promises of EHR systems lies in their potential to enhance care coordination. Traditionally, healthcare has been a fragmented system where patients receive care from various providers across different settings. This fragmentation can lead to disjointed and inefficient care delivery. EHR systems seek to bridge this gap by enabling real-time sharing of patient data, thus allowing healthcare providers to make informed decisions collaboratively.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.182
The pharmaceutical industry plays a critical role in modern healthcare, developing drugs that improve and save lives. However, the benefits of these drugs must be balanced against potential risks and adverse effects. This is where drug surveillance and regulation come into play, aiming to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceutical products. Over the years, strategies for drug surveillance and regulation have evolved significantly, driven by advancements in science, technology, and the growing complexity of the global pharmaceutical landscape. Drug surveillance and regulation have a long history that dates back centuries. In ancient civilizations, herbal remedies were used as treatments, often based on empirical evidence and trial and error. The Industrial Revolution brought about the formalization of drug manufacturing, and governments began to enact laws to ensure the safety and quality of medicines.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.183
The global pharmaceutical industry plays a pivotal role in improving human health and extending life expectancy. However, alongside its significant contributions, it faces a pervasive and complex challenge - counterfeit pharmaceuticals. Counterfeit drugs are fake or fraudulent products that are intentionally misrepresented as genuine medications. This phenomenon poses grave risks to public health, undermines patient trust, and burdens healthcare systems. To address this issue, drug control authorities play a crucial role in safeguarding public health by implementing regulations, conducting inspections, and collaborating with various stakeholders. Counterfeit pharmaceuticals encompass a broad range of products, including medications with incorrect ingredients, insufficient active ingredients, or even toxic substances. These counterfeit drugs often target high-demand and high-cost medications, such as those for chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes. The allure of financial gains and the complexity of the pharmaceutical supply chain contribute to the proliferation of counterfeit drugs.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.184
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DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.186
The regulation and oversight of pharmaceuticals play a pivotal role in ensuring public health and safety. One of the key players in this arena is the Drug Control Authority (DCA), a governmental body responsible for approving, monitoring, and regulating drugs within a country. The transparency and accuracy of reporting practices by the DCA are crucial in maintaining public trust, safeguarding patient well-being, and upholding the integrity of the pharmaceutical industry. This critical evaluation aims to assess the reporting practices of the DCA, focusing on its implications for public health, regulatory effectiveness, and the overall accountability of the authority. Reporting practices by the DCA involve a spectrum of activities, ranging from initial drug approvals to post-marketing surveillance and adverse event reporting. These practices are vital as they facilitate informed decision-making by healthcare professionals, patients, and regulatory bodies. Transparent and accurate reporting of data and outcomes can prevent the circulation of unsafe or ineffective drugs in the market, minimizing potential harm to patients.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.187
The global landscape of illicit drug markets is constantly evolving, presenting new challenges for drug control authorities around the world. One of the most significant challenges in recent years has been the emergence of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS), commonly known as "designer drugs" or "legal highs." These substances are synthetic compounds designed to mimic the effects of traditional illicit drugs while often exploiting legal loopholes. As a result, traditional drug control measures struggle to keep pace with their rapid emergence. This essay explores the adaptive strategies employed by drug control authorities to address the threats posed by novel psychoactive substances. Novel psychoactive substances encompass a diverse range of synthetic compounds that produce psychoactive effects similar to illicit drugs like cocaine, MDMA, and cannabis. These substances are often created by modifying the molecular structure of existing drugs or by designing entirely new chemical compounds. The rapid proliferation of NPS can be attributed to several factors, including their ability to exploit legal gravy areas, their ease of production, and their global availability through online markets.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.188
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DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.190
Access to quality healthcare is a fundamental human right, essential for maintaining individual well-being and achieving societal progress. However, despite advancements in medical technology and healthcare systems, millions of people around the world still struggle to access adequate healthcare services, particularly those living in underserved communities. These communities face a multitude of barriers that impede their access to healthcare, ranging from financial constraints and geographic isolation to cultural and linguistic disparities. Addressing these challenges and optimizing healthcare access for underserved communities is a complex yet imperative task that requires a combination of policy changes, technological innovations, and community engagement.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.191
Clinical research is essential for advancing medical knowledge, developing new treatments, and improving patient outcomes. However, the success of clinical research heavily relies on the efficient management of vast amounts of data generated during trials and studies. In recent years, there has been a growing need to optimize clinical data management processes to enhance research efficiency. This article explores the challenges faced in clinical data management and presents strategies and technologies that can be employed to streamline these processes and maximize research productivity.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.192
Clinical trials are a cornerstone of medical research and drug development, serving as the primary means to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new treatments and interventions. The data generated from these trials are not only critical for regulatory approvals but also have a profound impact on patient outcomes. Ensuring the quality and integrity of clinical trial data is paramount, as flawed or unreliable data can have far-reaching consequences, from wasted resources to compromised patient safety. In this comprehensive discussion, we delve into the world of data quality assurance in clinical trials, exploring the best practices and challenges that researchers, sponsors, and regulatory authorities face in their pursuit of rigorous data integrity.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.193
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Clinical data management has always been a critical component of healthcare and medical research. It involves the collection, validation, storage, and analysis of data related to patients, clinical trials, and medical studies. However, in recent years, the advent of big data has transformed the landscape of clinical data management. This article explores the challenges and opportunities presented by big data in the realm of clinical data management, highlighting the implications for healthcare providers, researchers, and the industry as a whole. Big data has become a buzzword in nearly every industry, and healthcare is no exception. The healthcare sector generates massive volumes of data daily, including patient records, test results, treatment plans, and research findings. Managing and harnessing this data effectively can lead to significant advancements in medical research, patient care, and public health. However, it also poses several challenges that need to be addressed.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2023.8.197
Clinical data management is a critical aspect of the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. It involves the collection, storage, and analysis of vast amounts of patient data, clinical trial results, and other healthcare-related information. The importance of data in this field cannot be overstated, as it plays a crucial role in drug development, patient care, and medical research. However, with great data comes great responsibility. Ensuring data security and compliance in clinical data management is paramount to protect patient privacy, maintain data integrity, and meet regulatory requirements. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the various aspects of data security and compliance in clinical data management. Before we dive into the specifics of data security and compliance, it's essential to understand why clinical data management is so significant. Clinical data management encompasses a wide range of activities, including. Data security in clinical data management refers to the practices and measures put in place to protect data from unauthorized access, data breaches, and other security threats. Here are some key components of data security in this context.
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Schizophrenia is a complex and debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions and behavior. Pharmacotherapy remains a cornerstone in the management of schizophrenia, aimed at alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life. This article explores the global trends in neuropsychopharmacological prescriptions for adults with schizophrenia, examining the evolving landscape of medication choices, usage patterns and emerging therapies.
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Insulin therapy remains a cornerstone in the management of diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder affecting millions worldwide. As healthcare systems strive to optimize resource allocation, economic evaluations play a crucial role in assessing the cost-effectiveness of various treatment modalities. This systematic review aims to synthesize existing literature on the economic evaluations of insulin therapies, analyzing their cost-effectiveness, affordability and implications for healthcare policy and practice.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2024.9.208
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Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a life-saving procedure for patients with various hematologic malignancies and disorders. Despite its clinical benefits, allo-HSCT is associated with significant economic burdens, including high upfront costs, long-term healthcare utilization and indirect costs related to productivity losses. This economic analysis aims to evaluate the costs and cost-effectiveness of allo-HSCT from both healthcare system and societal perspectives. From the healthcare system perspective, direct medical costs include pre-transplantation workup, hospitalization costs, physician fees, medication expenses and post-transplantation care. Additionally, indirect costs such as complications, readmissions and supportive care contribute to the economic burden. Furthermore, the advent of novel technologies, such as reduced-intensity conditioning regimens and haploidentical transplantation, has introduced additional cost considerations. From a societal standpoint, the economic impact extends beyond healthcare expenditures to include productivity losses due to patient and caregiver time away from work, as well as the long-term implications of transplant-related complications on quality of life and functional status. This analysis will review existing literature on the economic aspects of allo-HSCT, including cost-effectiveness studies, budget impact analyses and reimbursement policies. Furthermore, it will highlight areas for future research to optimize resource allocation and improve patient outcomes while containing costs. Understanding the economic implications of allo-HSCT is crucial for healthcare policymakers, payers and providers to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation and reimbursement strategies in this rapidly evolving field.
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Multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) constitute a family of membrane-bound transporters that play a pivotal role in cellular detoxification and the disposition of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Their involvement in the efflux of various therapeutic agents has profound implications for pharmacokinetics, drug efficacy, and resistance development. This article aims to elucidate the intricate interplay between MRPs and their drug substrates, exploring the mechanisms underlying drug resistance and providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2024.9.215
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Methyl-containing pharmaceuticals play a pivotal role in modern medicine, contributing significantly to various therapeutic interventions. This class of compounds encompasses a diverse range of drugs, including methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), methotrexate for cancer and autoimmune diseases and methylcobalamin for neurological disorders. Methyl groups confer unique pharmacological properties, influencing drug efficacy, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Understanding the role of methyl-containing pharmaceuticals is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes and advancing drug development in the healthcare landscape.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2024.9.217
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, necessitating continuous advancements in treatment strategies. This abstract delves into recent breakthroughs in TB drug development, including novel compounds targeting drug-resistant strains and innovative delivery mechanisms to enhance efficacy and patient compliance. By exploring the latest research and clinical trials, this abstract highlights the promising avenues for revolutionizing TB treatment and ultimately reducing the burden of this infectious disease worldwide.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2024.9.218
Impact analysis of drug action in healthcare is crucial for comprehending the effectiveness, safety and implications of pharmaceutical interventions. This analysis evaluates the multifaceted consequences of drug actions on patient outcomes, healthcare systems and society at large. It encompasses factors such as therapeutic efficacy, adverse effects, cost-effectiveness and patient adherence. By elucidating the significance of drug action, this study contributes to informed decision-making processes in healthcare, facilitating the optimization of treatment strategies and the advancement of patient care.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1042.2024.9.219
Pharmacoeconomics education plays a pivotal role in optimizing healthcare value by equipping healthcare professionals with the necessary skills to assess the economic implications of pharmaceutical interventions. This paper explores the significance of pharmacoeconomics education in enhancing decision-making processes within healthcare systems, ultimately contributing to improved allocation of resources and better patient outcomes. Through comprehensive training in pharmacoeconomics, healthcare professionals can effectively evaluate the cost-effectiveness of treatments, consider budgetary constraints and prioritize interventions that offer the greatest value for money. By integrating pharmacoeconomics education into healthcare curricula, institutions can empower future practitioners to navigate complex economic considerations and drive sustainable advancements in healthcare delivery
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Pharmacoeconomics: Open Access received 95 citations as per Google Scholar report
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