Aim: The purpose of this study is to provide a short description of the performance of various non-invasive Imaging techniques used for wound healing assessment described in the literature.

Objective: Assessment of wounds carries both prognostic and diagnostic value thus determines treatment strategies and objectively examines the efficacy of emerging and novel wound therapies. Therefore, the aim of this article is to evaluate several objective imaging based wound assessment techniques.

Methods: Electronic databases were searched for all available publications on the use of wound assessment devices on human and artificial wounds using appropriate search terms. The primary outcome was the reliability and reproducibility of measurement whilst the secondary outcome was the feasibility of the instrument. All studies underwent Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) to examine the quality of data.

Results: Forty-four articles were identified evaluating 11 instruments which were divided acute wound measuring devices and chronic wound measuring devices. Average QUADAS score was 11 with lowest at 9 and highest 14. The highest performing instrument for acute wound healing was multi-photon tomography. It provides morphological assessment at a histological level, and details physiological status through optical redox ratio auto-fluorescence. However, its current high cost would therefore limit its use to research rather than clinical setting. The 3D system is ideal for wound assessment of chronic wounds. The combination of portability and ease of use outperforms hyper-spectral imaging, OCT and MPT, whilst its accuracy is superior to 2D imaging.

Discussion/Conclusion: This was an article which compared the performance of instruments for chronic and acute wounds. The article provides an extension into three further articles which provide a more in-depth review of the performances of the described instrument.

Genetic engineering is a thoughtful modification process of animal’s genome using recombinant-DNA technology for generating transgenic animals. Transgenic animals are genetically altered animals having the desired traits. Genetically engineered animals have a significant medical application for human healthcare by making the transgenic animal models of human disease for studying of gene function; manufacturing of transplant organs; and production of safe and complex recombinant human protein-based drug, blood and vaccine products with higher expression and low cost for the treatment and prevention of human disease. The first two commercially accessible therapeutic agents isolated from the milk of transgenic animals are C1 esterase inhibitor (Ruconest^®) and anti-thrombin III (ATryn^®), which encourages that a novel recombinant protein will be created and become available for practical use in the near future. So that, transgenic animals will provide a pharmacological revolution for discovery and development of drugs, clinical trials of xeno-transplant human organs or xenotransplantation that will be the unchoice option to diminish the growing gap between demand and severe shortage of appropriate organs for recipient human patients with serious organ failure. In this context, the principal objective of this review paper was to assessed the current challenges and future perspectives of transgenic animals in medical biotechnology for human healthcare, and also address the question: What potential benefits and risks are in the creation of transgenic animals in the real world?

Viruses are important pathogens of high animals and the major cause of mortality, and they also are drivers of global geochemical cycles; yet, biological sciences considered them as entities separate from the realm of life and acting merely as mechanical artifacts that can exchange genes between different species, genera, phyla and even from one ecosystem to another. During the last decade, the increased awareness of the complexity of the immune system and its determinants, including at the host genetic level, indicated that using system biology approaches to assess how various processes and networks interact in response to immunization could prove more illustrative than trying to isolate and characterize a few components of vaccine responses. These immune-related concerns have largely spread into the population, and questions related to the immunological safety of vaccines that is, their capacity for triggering 2 non-antigen specific responses possibly leading to allergy, auto-immunity, or even premature death are being raised. Certain “off-targets effects” of vaccines have also been recognized and call for studies to quantify their impact and identify the mechanisms at play. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis to predict and predict changes in the value of certain variables when other variables change. Correlation is one of the statistical analysis techniques used to find the relationship of how strong the relationship between two or more variables that are quantitative. By using the Linearity Test (Lillie force test) where F count >F table is 787.62>3.24. Then, H_o is rejected. This means that multiple linear regression analysis can be used to predict The COVID 19 vaccines in world by analyzing variable death rate and confirmed the COVID 19 data. Obtained the multiple linear regression equation is Y=0.609211-3.15845257X1+3.58359X2, the correlation value of the variables above is 0.98389 the value is superior correlation scale ranging from 0.76 to 0.99. Is where t₁ count<t table is -12.078< 2.009, then H_o is accepted, meaning there is no significant effect partially between the Variable The COVID 19 vaccine and The death rate. Then the value of the t₂ count >t table is 3.62523>2.009. H_o is rejected; it means that there is a large significant influence partially between the COVID 19 vaccine against confirmed the COVID 19 variable in World on December 2020 until September 2021.

Sediments are important in the geochemical cycles of marine and estuarine ecosystems with the ability to influence ecological processes and inhabiting biota. This study assessed sediment particle sizes of the Lagos Harbour and Lagoon system with a view to determine their diversity and influence on heavy metal levels. Samples were collected using Van veen grabs, viz; Dry Season 2013 (DS^-1), Wet Season 2013 (WS) and Dry Season 2014 (DS^-2) for a period of 18 months in the Lagos Lagoon system. The sediments collected were analysed according to the British Standard (BS 1377-2, 1990) at the instrument Physical Geography Laboratory, University of Portsmouth. The mean clay, silt, coarse and sand were found to be 6.67 ± 4.51, 6.0 ± 3.0, 9.17 ± 3.25 and 0.37 ± 3.06 respectively. The particle size in relation with total metals/metalloids concentration in the sediment revealed positive correlation with significant differences (p<0.05) between clay and Fe (r=0.391*), clay and Pb (r=0.40*). While the particle size in relation and recoverable metals/metalloids concentration in the sediment revealed positive correlation with significant differences (p<0.05) between clay and Mn (r=0.416*), silt and Mn (r=0.414*). The particle size in relation with bioavailable metals/ metalloids concentration in the sediment revealed positive correlation with were significant differences (p<0.05) between silt and Pb (r=0.426*). This implies that the widespread dredging of the lagoon sediments and artisanal sand mining has had its toll on the structural integrity of the substratum. The strong correlation between the finer particle sizes with total, recoverable and bioavailable fractions of Fe-Mn-Pb in the sediment samples is notable and implies increased chances of retention of pollutants in the sediment matrix.