In this paper we uncover the determinants of anti-dumping-a trade policy that has emerged as a serious impediment to free trade. Anti-dumping actions have flourished, starting with active use by developed nations or traditional users, transcending into escalating use by developing countries or new users. The motives of anti-dumping use have also evolved, including influence of political factors, growing importance of strategic concerns, macroeconomic conditions like exchange rates and GDP. Researchers have questioned whether anti-dumping filings may be motivated as retaliation against similar measures imposed on a country’s exporters. This is the focus of this paper, though we also control for other anti-dumping related indicators like past filing behaviour, cases filed globally and cases faced by the exporter. Using a large sample of anti-dumping users and their trade partners for a two decade period (1996-2015), we show that there exists marked heterogeneity in nations’ use of anti-dumping as a contingent protection mechanism. The focus of this paper is on retaliatory motives and we find evidence that this effect is masked at the aggregate level with insufficient statistical significance (except for select regions and income groups of countries), however, a sectoral analysis reveals that retaliation is a positive and significant determinant of current anti-dumping case filing activity for a select group of large importers. Another key result of this study is that a substitution effect exists between trade liberalisation (reduction of applied tariffs) and anti-dumping petitioning activity.

When thinking about research projects and how to make a contribution, academics can often wonder which element to focus on. In a recently published paper we report on empirical findings which support several hypotheses relating to retailer brand collaborations. However, our article provides a good illustration of a general model for how academics interesting in business and economics can make a contribution to the literature using the 4 C’s of context, concepts, components and computations. In this review, we highlight those four elements using our article as an illustration as well as reiterate the main general takeaways for business researchers. More specifically, our context was the burgeoning but relatively under researched area of retailer collaborations to which we brought the concepts of brand inheritance and using multiple theories like, Construal Theory, Congruity Theory, Categorization Theory, and the Selective Activation, Reconstruction and Anchoring Model to explain our phenomenon. The most revealing component of our conceptual model was the striking difference between symbolic vs. functional brands and our new computational approach to analysing brand image via Double entry intra-class correlation (ICCDE) was not only perfectly suited to our data, but also represented a new approach within the field. The 4C’s model is a useful guide for business and economics researchers to consider for their work.

The Capital Structure of a firm affects debt and equity. In this study, an investigation has been made to analyze the impact of capital structure on the selected pharmaceutical company’s financial performance over a period from 2016 to 2020 of 20 BSE listed Pharmaceutical companies are taken based on market capitalization, and the average of all the ratios are calculated and considered. To analyze the considered sample of data, correlation and multiple regression analysis is being used. The findings of the study shows that there is a negative relationship between Capital structures such as Debt Equity Ratio, Debt Ratio, and Profitability Ratios (ROE, ROA, Net Profit Margin) and also a positive relationship between Equity Ratio (Capital structure) and Profitability Ratios (ROE, ROA, Net Profit Margin). Moreover, the capital structures are not statistically influenced by ROE as profitability ratio, but each of the capital structures is statistically influenced by ROA and Net Profit Margin.

This study aims at examining the interactions between three macroeconomic variables, namely: public debt, unemployment and budget deficit. We have assumed that the increase in unemployment is caused by the worsening of the budget deficit and the increase in public debt. To test this hypothesis, we have used a system of simultaneous equations in macroeconomic data from 1990 to 2016 in six countries of the Euro zone countries such as (France, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Ireland and Cyprus) as well as five countries of the MENA countries namely (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt and Jordan).

All the variables were found to be stationary based on recent panel unit root tests. On fully applying both static (, FE, and RE) and dynamic (system GMM) panel data approaches, it was found that confirm that the results of the model estimation for the six countries of the Euro zone approve that there is a two-way relationship there is a two-way relationship between unemployment and debt. Similarly, there is a two-way relationship between the budget deficit and unemployment. At another level, we note a unidirectional relationship from budget deficit to public debt. However, for the five countries of the MENA countries we have found a unidirectional relation going from public debt to unemployment, a twin directional relation between deficit and unemployment and a unidirectional relation going from debt to the deficit.